PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Shannon D. Sullivan
AU  - R. Anthony DeFazio
AU  - Suzanne M. Moenter
TI  - Metabolic Regulation of Fertility through Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Signaling to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
AID  - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-24-08578.2003
DP  - 2003 Sep 17
TA  - The Journal of Neuroscience
PG  - 8578--8585
VI  - 23
IP  - 24
4099  - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/24/8578.short
4100  - http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/24/8578.full
SO  - J. Neurosci.2003 Sep 17; 23
AB  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway for the central regulation of reproduction and are inhibited by negative energy balance. In normal adults, these neurons maintain elevated intracellular chloride so that GABAA receptor activation is excitatory. We hypothesized that fasting alters homeostatic mechanisms to eliminate excitatory responses to GABA but rejected this hypothesis when brief, local GABA application elicited action currents in GnRH neurons from fed and fasted mice. This response was specific to GABAA receptors, because glycine elicited no response. We next found that fasting reduced the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs) and that this was reversed by in vivo treatment with leptin during the fast. In the presence of tetrodotoxin to minimize presynaptic actions, leptin also potentiated the postsynaptic response of these cells to GABAA receptor activation. Postsynaptic effects of leptin on GABAergic miniature PSCs were eliminated by inhibiting JAK2/3 (Janus kinase), the tyrosine kinase through which leptin receptors signal. In all experiments, elimination of PSCs at ECl or by treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline confirmed that PSCs were specifically mediated by GABAA receptor chloride channels. These data demonstrate that fasting and leptin act presynaptically and postsynaptically to alter GABAergic drive to GnRH neurons, providing evidence for GABAergic communication of metabolic cues to GnRH neurons, and suggest the possibility for functional leptin receptors on GnRH neurons. They further demonstrate cytokine modulation of the postsynaptic response to GABA in mammals, which may be important to central neural regulation in both healthy and diseased states.