RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Calpains Are Downstream Effectors of bax-Dependent Excitotoxic Apoptosis JF The Journal of Neuroscience JO J. Neurosci. FD Society for Neuroscience SP 1847 OP 1858 DO 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2345-11.2012 VO 32 IS 5 A1 Beatrice D'Orsi A1 Helena Bonner A1 Liam P. Tuffy A1 Heiko Düssmann A1 Ina Woods A1 Michael J. Courtney A1 Manus W. Ward A1 Jochen H. M. Prehn YR 2012 UL http://www.jneurosci.org/content/32/5/1847.abstract AB Excitotoxicity resulting from excessive Ca2+ influx through glutamate receptors contributes to neuronal injury after stroke, trauma, and seizures. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels activate a family of calcium-dependent proteases with papain-like activity, the calpains. Here we investigated the role of calpain activation during NMDA-induced excitotoxic injury in embryonic (E16–E18) murine cortical neurons that (1) underwent excitotoxic necrosis, characterized by immediate deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, a persistent depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and insensitivity to bax-gene deletion, (2) underwent excitotoxic apoptosis, characterized by recovery of NMDA-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increases, sensitivity to bax gene deletion, and delayed Δψm depolarization and Ca2+ deregulation, or (3) that were tolerant to excitotoxic injury. Interestingly, treatment with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin, overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin, or gene silencing of calpain protected neurons against excitotoxic apoptosis but did not influence excitotoxic necrosis. Calpeptin failed to exert a protective effect in bax-deficient neurons but protected bid-deficient neurons similarly to wild-type cells. To identify when calpains became activated during excitotoxic apoptosis, we monitored calpain activation dynamics by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy using a calpain-sensitive Förster resonance energy transfer probe. We observed a delayed calpain activation that occurred downstream of mitochondrial engagement and directly preceded neuronal death. In contrast, we could not detect significant calpain activity during excitotoxic necrosis or in neurons that were tolerant to excitotoxic injury. Oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that calpains were specifically activated during bax-dependent apoptosis and in this setting function as downstream cell-death executioners.