Table 1.

Active Mandarin tone discrimination versus passive Mandarin listening

		Coordinates
Gyrus or region	BA	x	y	z	Z Score
Mandarin speakers
Left hemisphere
Anterior insula	45	−27	24	4	5.30
Putamen		−20	4	4	4.12
Thalamus		−10	−22	14	4.27
Inferior fusiform gyrus	36	−44	−48	−18	3.77
Precentral gyrus	6	−49	−6	40	3.74
Insula		−32	14	8	4.06
Fusiform gyrus	37	−34	−60	−12	3.77
Medial frontal gyrus	6	0	16	44	3.62
Left cerebellum
Crus I		−14	−80	−24	3.53
Culmen (IV)		−4	−46	−4	4.30
Right hemisphere
Postcentral gyrus	3	56	−20	38	3.92
Middle frontal gyrus	6	44	−2	48	3.42
Right cerebellum
Declive (vermis) (VI)		6	−70	−12	3.36
Declive (vermis) (VI)		10	−66	−24	3.59
English speakers
Left hemisphere
Middle frontal gyrus	10	−22	54	−8	4.25
Anterior cingulate	24	−2	18	22	3.61
Supramarginal gyrus	40	−38	−40	32	3.56
Frontal subgyral	6	−20	−12	48	4.94
Anterior cingulate gyrus	24	−8	0	46	4.45
Frontal subgyral	2	−30	−22	38	3.36
Anterior cingulate gyrus	24	−2	12	34	3.18
Middle temporal gyrus	39	−28	−54	28	3.21
Superior temporal gyrus	22	−48	6	−4	4.02
Caudate nucleus		−3	18	13	3.30
Parietal subgyral	7	−22	−50	39	3.67
Frontal subgyral	44	−42	6	20	3.27
Frontal subgyral	6	−34	−4	32	2.98
Right hemisphere
Precentral gyrus	6	42	−2	28	4.36
Insula		38	16	2	5.77
Middle frontal gyrus	6	24	2	44	5.02
Frontal subgyral	4	36	−12	38	3.90
Insula		30	9	−4	4.51
Inferior frontal gyrus	47	28	20	−8	4.28
Anterior cingulate gyrus	32	6	14	40	3.67
Anterior cingulate gyrus	24	20	−14	46	4.07
Frontal subgyral	2	36	−24	32	3.70
Midbrain		12	−20	−12	4.42
Frontal subgyral	3	30	−22	46	4.25
Anterior cingulate gyrus	32	10	20	36	3.64

Local maxima in regions demonstrating rCBF increases (p < 0.001). Brain atlas coordinates (Talairach and Tournoux, 1998) are in millimeters along left-right (x), anteroposterior (y), and superior-inferior (z) axes.