Neuropsychological performance of patients with VMPFC damage
| Mean (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|
| Executive/attentional | ||
| WCST categories | 3.71 (1.80) | 1.00–6.00 |
| Number of errors (Z) | −0.51 (0.96) | −1.75 to 0.87 |
| % Persev. errors (Z) | −0.59 (1.32) | −2.7 to 1.05 |
| Fluency | ||
| Phonemic (Z) | −0.97 (1.59) | −2.93 to 1.22 |
| Semantic (Z) | −0.84 (1.45) | −2.76 to 0.94 |
| SDMT | ||
| Oral (Z) | −0.29 (0.83) | −1.65 to 0.68 |
| Written (Z) | 0.09 (1.20) | −1.89 to 1.37 |
| TMT | ||
| Part A (Z) | −0.87 (1.31) | −2.33 to 0.85 |
| Part B (Z) | −1.38 (1.58) | −2.88 to 0.62 |
| Anterograde memory | ||
| WMS III | ||
| LM1 (SS) | 7.25 (2.31) | 4.00–11.00 |
| LM2 (SS) | 7.13 (2.70) | 4.00–13.00 |
| VPA1 (SS) | 5.75 (3.69) | 1.00–12.00 |
| VPA2 (SS) | 6.50 (3.34) | 3.00–13.00 |
| Recognition (SS) | 8.25 (3.11) | 5.00–14.00 |
| RCFT | ||
| Immediate (Z) | −1.40 (0.87) | −2.75 to −0.60 |
| Delayed (Z) | −1.70 (0.79) | −2.75 to −0.92 |
| RAVLT | ||
| Trial 1 (Z) | −1.35 (1.28) | −2.68 to 0.37 |
| Delayed (Z) | −1.70 (0.92) | −3.41 to 0.56 |
| Delayed recognition (hits-FA) (Z) | −1.33 (1.20) | −3.20 to 1.54 |
| Remote memory | ||
| AMI-EM | ||
| Childhooda | 7.00 (1.58) | 5.00–9.00 |
| Early adulthooda | 7.40 (1.82) | 5.00–9.00 |
| Recent (anterograde)b | 5.00 (3.16) | 0.00–8.00 |
| AMI-Sem. | ||
| Childhoodc | 19.40 (1.34) | 18.00–21.00 |
| Early adulthoodd | 19.30 (1.03) | 18.00–20.50 |
| Recent (anterograde)e | 16.30 (5.68) | 8.50–21.00 |
The normative data for the tests were taken from the original manuals or from the sources referenced below. AMI, The Autobiographical Memory Interview (Kopelman et al., 1990); AMI-EM, event memory; AMI-Sem., semantic memory; RAVLT, Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RCFT, Rey's Complex Figure Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT, Trails Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Persev., perseverations; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale III; LM1, logical memory immediate; LM2, logical memory delayed; VPA1, verbal paired associates immediate; VPA2, verbal paired associates delayed; SS, scaled score (cutoff for abnormal, ≤ 4); Z, Z score (cutoff for abnormal, ≤ −2).
↵aCutoff for abnormal, ≤ 3;
↵bcutoff for abnormal, ≤ 5;
↵ccutoff for abnormal, ≤ 11;
↵dcutoff for abnormal, ≤ 14;
↵ecutoff for abnormal, ≤ 17.