Test | Patients | Healthy subjectsg | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NY | PG | KH | BB | LS | KA | Mean | SD | |||||
Sex | M | M | M | F | M | M | ||||||
Age | 65 | 61 | 74 | 57 | 73 | 56 | ||||||
Education [left school at age (years)] | 15 | 18 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | ||||||
Semantica | ||||||||||||
Picture naming (n = 64) | 51 | 44 | 29 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 62.3 | 1.6 | ||||
Spoken word–picture matching (n = 64) | 60 | 58 | 54 | 54 | 37 | 26 | 63.7 | 0.5 | ||||
Camel and Cactus Test | ||||||||||||
Pictures (n = 64) | 36 | 44 | 46 | 38 | 15 | 46 | 59.0 | 3.1 | ||||
Words (n = 64) | 39 | 40 | 41 | 30 | 16 | 36 | 60.7 | 2.1 | ||||
Category fluency (8 categories) | 27 | 7 | 21 | 13 | 13 | NT | 113.9 | 12.3 | ||||
Attention/executive | ||||||||||||
Digit spanb | ||||||||||||
Forwards | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 6.8 | 0.9 | ||||
Backwards | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | NT | 4.7 | 1.2 | ||||
Colored progressive matricesc (n = 36) | 26 | 23 | 12 | 24 | 16 | 12 | >15 | |||||
Wisconsin card-sorting taskd (n = 6) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | >1 | |||||
Brixton spatial rule attainmente (n = 54) | 34 | 26 | 7 | 23 | 14 | 6 | >28 | |||||
Visuospatialf | ||||||||||||
Incomplete letters (n = 20) | 17 | 18 | 19 | 0 | 0 | NT | 19.2 | 0.8 | ||||
Dot counting (n = 10) | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 6 | NT | 9.9 | 0.3 | ||||
Position discrimination (n = 20) | 20 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 19.8 | 0.6 | ||||
Cube analysis (n = 10) | 5 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | NT | 9.7 | 2.5 |
NT, Not tested; M, male; F, female.
↵aFrom the Cambridge Semantic Memory battery (Adlam et al., 2010).
↵d Milner (1964).
↵f From the Visual Object and Space Perception battery (Warrington and James, 1991).
↵gData for healthy older adults are taken from published test norms and, for the semantic tests, from Bozeat et al. (2000) and Adlam et al. (2010).