Table 4.

Regional brain activity associated with cough and capsaicin exhalation

RegionCoughCapsaicin
Peak voxel coordinateZ scorePeak voxel coordinateZ score
xyzxyz
PMC−12−24582.97
SMA−8−10623.57
8−6602.8710−4503.14
aMCC−822224.03
024204.66616303.82
pMCC−6−10364.07
0−6383.608−12364.46
M1−22−32584.25
26−28584.331562564.58
S1−54−6264.55−52−4243.79
44−8304.3352−2263.96
S2−48−10164.41−56−684.52
56−10163.2652−283.87
pINS−36−1484.86−34−1244.21
42−883.0036−424.85
amINS−301862.32−321283.45
322243.14
Thalamus−14−2203.45−10−16−24.85
16−2043.308−1403.48
Midbrain−10−26−124.74−10−14−64.38
6−26−64.3710−14−64.19
Pons−6−36−263.85−6−34−243.57
6−30−223.204−34−323.46
RVM−6−36−502.95−2−34−563.68
CVM−6−42−624.31−2−40−664.30
Cerebellum−6−62−225.29−8−50−203.59
2−62224.914−50−243.94

  • The main effect for cough was determined by contrasting coughing events with noncoughing events (evoked cough + voluntary cough > suppressed cough + saline challenge). The main effect for capsaicin was determined by contrasting capsaicin events with saline events (evoked cough + suppressed cough > voluntary cough + saline challenge). The coordinates of maximally activated voxels are given in MNI space where x, y, and z coordinates represent the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior distances (in millimeters) from the anterior commissure. PMC, Premotor cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; aMCC, anterior mid-cingulate cortex; pMCC, posterior mid-cingulate cortex; M1, primary motor cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; S2, secondary somatosensory cortex; pINS, posterior insula cortex; amINS, anterior/mid-insula cortex; RVM, rostral ventral medulla; CVM, caudal ventral medulla.

  • All activations identified at cluster-level significance of p < 0.05 (corrected).