Significance of covariates
| Outcome measure | Repeated-measures ANOVA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | Within-subjects effects, p values | Between-subjects effects, p values | Included in final model, yes/no | |
| VAS | Age | 0.844 | 0.002 | Yes |
| Smoking | 0.697 | 0.924 | No | |
| Treatment | 0.000 | 0.250 | Yes | |
| McGill | Age | 0.428 | 0.019 | Yes |
| Smoking | 0.343 | 0.086 | Yes | |
| Treatment | 0.000 | 0.003 | Yes | |
| ODI | Age | 0.417 | 0.003 | Yes |
| Smoking | 0.070 | 0.150 | Yes | |
| Treatment | 0.000 | 0.150 | Yes | |
The table gives an overview of the association between covariates and the three outcome measures: VAS, McGill, and ODI. Covariates with a p value ≤ 0.1 were included in the final model.