Means and SDs of subject demographics, L2 proficiency tests, IQ, and personality assessments (NEO-FFI)
| Cross-sectional study (n = 137) | Cohort study (pretraining data) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TG (n = 24) | CG (n = 20) | ||
| Age | 21.8 ± 16.0 | 20.1 ± 1.8 | 20.5 ± 1.7 |
| Sex (male: female) | 66:71 | 10:14 | 10:10 |
| TOEIC (200) | NA | 102.5 ± 2.6 | 100.8 ± 2.3 |
| EVT (100) | 20.6 ± 16.0 | 11.3 ± 10.9 | 12.9 ± 12.1 |
| NART (100) | 41.8 ± 6.2 | 35.6 ± 4.5 | 39.8 ± 4.0 |
| WAIS-TIQ | NA | 113.0 ± 2.2 | 116.5 ± 1.8 |
| WAIS-VIQ | NA | 101.0 ± 2.6 | 104.0 ± 2.1 |
| WAIS-PIQ | NA | 103.5 ± 2.5 | 101.0 ± 2.3 |
| NEO-FFI neuroticism | NA | 25.4 ± 1.4 | 26.4 ± 1.4 |
| NEO-FFI extraversion | NA | 29.8 ± 1.4 | 30.6 ± 1.3 |
| NEO-FFI openness | NA | 32.2 ± 1.3 | 32.3 ± 1.3 |
| NEO-FFI agreeableness | NA | 33.9 ± 1.0 | 34.1 ± 1.1 |
| NEO-FFI conscientiousness | NA | 31.5 ± 1.3 | 30.7 ± 1.2 |
In the cohort study, no significant differences were found between the TG and CG for all measurement types. NA, not available; WAIS-VIQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Verbal IQ; WAIS-TIQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Total IQ; WAIS-PIQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Performance IQ; NEO-FFI, NEO Five-Factor Inventory.