Postmortem human brain tissue samples
| Case | CASI | CERAD | Braak stage | Age (years) | Gender | PMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (N = 11) | ||||||
| 1 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 78 | M | |
| 2 | 97 | 0 | 2 | 87 | F | |
| 3 | 95 | 0 | 2 | 79 | F | |
| 4 | 96 | 0 | 2 | 92 | F | |
| 5 | 88 | 0 | 1 | 98 | F | |
| 6 | 89 | 0 | 2 | 86 | M | |
| 7 | 0 | 2 | 92 | F | ||
| 8 | 0 | 2 | 87 | M | ||
| 9 | 1 | 2 | 71 | F | 16 | |
| 10 | 0 | 4 | 86 | M | 7 | |
| 11 | 0 | 3 | 95 | M | 17 | |
| Asymptomatic AD (N = 5) | ||||||
| 1 | 98 | 2 | 3 | 86 | M | |
| 2 | 97 | 2 | 3 | 92 | F | |
| 3 | 97 | 2 | 3 | 79 | M | |
| 4 | 91 | 2 | 3 | 75 | F | |
| 5 | 96 | 2 | 4 | 77 | F | |
| MCI (N = 9) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 | 2 | 68 | M | 10 | |
| 2 | 2 | 3 | 87 | M | 20 | |
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 90 | M | 14 | |
| 4 | 1 | 4 | 89 | M | 16 | |
| 5 | 1 | 2 | 90 | M | 14 | |
| 6 | 1 | 3 | 88 | F | 14 | |
| 7 | 2 | 4 | 82 | M | 5.5 | |
| 8 | 2 | 4 | 78 | M | 4 | |
| 9 | 2 | 4 | 101 | F | 25 | |
| AD (N = 16) | ||||||
| 1 | 43 | 2 | 6 | 83 | M | |
| 2 | 78 | 3 | 6 | 89 | F | |
| 3 | 69 | 3 | 6 | 80 | F | |
| 4 | 41 | 3 | 5 | 92 | F | |
| 5 | 70 | 3 | 6 | 78 | F | |
| 6 | 83 | 3 | 6 | 85 | F | |
| 7 | 3 | 4 | 98 | M | 20 | |
| 8 | 3 | 4 | 92 | M | 7 | |
| 9 | 3 | 6 | 86 | M | 15 | |
| 10 | 3 | 6 | 82 | F | 6 | |
| 11 | 3 | 6 | 72 | F | 10 | |
| 12 | 3 | 6 | 92 | F | 19 | |
| 13 | 3 | 6 | 82 | M | 23 | |
| 14 | 3 | 6 | 83 | F | 11 | |
| 15 | 3 | 6 | 94 | F | 17.5 | |
| 16 | 3 | 6 | 91 | F | 18 |
Eleven cognitively normal, age-matched, pathology-free controls were compared to 5 asymptomatic AD (aAD) cases, 9 MCI cases, and 16 sporadic AD cases. Case numbers correspond to numbers indicating immunoblot samples in Figure 7A–C. Tissue samples were collected from prospectively studied participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging at the Johns Hopkins' ADRC, as well as from the University of Washington ADRC and its Adult Changes in Thought study. The case diagnosis is based on Mini Mental State Examination, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) score, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) score, and Braak staging. All cases are matched as closely as possible for age, sex, and postmortem interval (PMI). Cases were categorized into four diagnostic groups, which included (1) cognitively normal controls without AD pathology, (2) cognitively normal asymptomatic AD with moderate-to-severe pathology, (3) MCI with moderate-to-severe pathology, and (4) definite AD with severe pathology. It is important to note that none of these cases had any coexisting pathologies, such as stroke or Lewy body disease. The Mini Mental State Examination is the most commonly used test for complaints of memory problems or when a diagnosis of dementia is being considered. Severe-to-moderate AD patients have Mini Mental State Examination scores of 10–20 of a possible total of 30. CASI was used by the Adult Changes in Thought study. A CASI >90 (equivalent to Mini Mental State Examination score of ∼27) excludes the lower quartile of cognitive performance to ensure removal of individuals with prodromal dementia. Demographics were matched as closely as possible across groups and to Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging study. CERAD (0 → 3) and Braak (0 → 6) scales are measures for the severity of plaque and tangle accumulation, respectively. If values are blank, then information was not available. F, Female; M, male.