Descriptive statistics of the participants
| ll | ss | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age at MRI in months [mean (SD)] | 90.4 (10.9) | 92.1 (12.1) | t(74) = −0.644, p = 0.52 |
| Sex (% boys) | 53.3% | 60.6% | χ2(1) = 0.789, p = 0.37 |
| Ethnicity (%) | χ2(2) = 1.504, p = 0.47 | ||
| Dutch | 72.7% | 59.5% | |
| Non-Dutch Western | 4.5% | 6.2% | |
| Non-Dutch non-Western | 22.8% | 34.3% | |
| Gestational age in weeks [mean (SD)] | 40.1 (2) | 40.0 (1) | t(74) = 0.286, p = 0.79 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy (%) | χ2(2) = 1.86, p = 0.39 | ||
| Never smoked during pregnancy | 78% | 51.6% | |
| Smoked until pregnancy was known | 4.9% | 22.6% | |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 17.1% | 21.8% | |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (%) | χ2(2) = 2.23, p = 0.33 | ||
| Never drank during pregnancy | 46.2% | 51.6% | |
| Drank until pregnancy was known | 12.8% | 22.6% | |
| Drank throughout pregnancy | 41.0% | 25.8% | |
| Psychopathology scores [mean (SD)]a | |||
| Anxiety | 0.21 (0.4) | 0.24 (0.3) | U = 485.0, p = 0.89 |
| Depression | 0.17 (0.3) | 0.22 (0.4) | U = 536.5, p = 0.41 |
| Disciplining behavior [mean (SD)]a | 20.8 (6.6) | 24.4 (4.5) | U = 305.5, p = 0.04 |
↵an Assessed at 3 years of child's age.