Table 5.

Earlier studies reporting associations between sleep spindle parameters and intelligencea

ReferenceTestAgeSexSpindle parameterElectrodeCorrelation
Bodizs et al., 2005RPMT: IQ27–67 years5 f/14 mDensity slowFp1, Fp2, Fpz, F3, F4, Fz, F7, F8, C3, C4, Cz, T3, T4,T5, T6, P3, P4, Pz, O1, O2, OzNS
Bodizs et al., 2005RPMT: IQ27–67 years5 f/14 mDensity fastFp1, Fp2, Fpz, F3, F4, Fz, F7, F8, C3, C4, Cz, T3, T4,T5, T6, P3, P4, Pz, O1, O2, OzFrom r = 0.25, p = 0.33 at O2 to r = 0.79, p = 0.0001 at Fp2
Clemens et al., 2006RPMT: IQ25–47 years, mean 35, SD 7.715 mTotal numberFp1, Fpz, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, Oz, O2NS
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mActivity slowC3r = 0.40, p < 0.01
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mActivity fastC3r = 0.44, p < 0.01
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mDensity slowC3r = 0.06, p = 0.68
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mDensity fastC3r = −0.01, p = 0.97
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mDuration slowC3r = 0.09, p = 0.54
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mDuration fastC3r = 0.34, p = 0.02
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mAmplitude slowC3r = 0.39, p = 0.01
Schabus et al., 2006APM: IQ20–30 years, mean 24, SD 2.624 f/24 mAmplitude fastC3r = 0.35, p = 0.02
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQ18–29 years10 fTotal numberC3, C4r = 0.56, p = 0.09
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQ18–29 years10 fTotal numberC3, C4r = 71, p = 0.02
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: FSIQ18–29 years10 fTotal numberC3, C4r = 0.76, p = 0.01
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQ20–25 years12 fTotal numberC3, C4r = 0.38, p = 0.10
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQ20–25 years12 fTotal numberC3, C4r = 0.79, p = 0.001
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQ20–25 years12 fTotal numberCzr = 0.01, p = 0.94
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQ20–25 years12 fTotal numberCzr = 0.05, p = 0.79
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQ18–26 years, mean 20, SD 5.329 f/6 mDensityCzNS
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQ18–26 years, mean 20, SD 5.329 f/6 mDensityCzNS
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQ18–26 years, mean 20, SD 5.329 f/6 mDurationCzNS
Fogel et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQ18–26 years, mean 20, SD 5.329 f/6 mDurationCzNS
Peters et al., 2007MAB-II: VIQMean 21, SD 2.412 f/12 mDensityC3, C4r = −0.26, p > 0.05
Peters et al., 2007MAB-II: PIQMean 21, SD 2.412 f/12 mDensityC3, C4r = 0.05, p > 0.05
Peters et al., 2007MAB-II: FSIQMean 21, SD 2.412 f/12 mDensityC3, C4r = −0.11, p > 0.05
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: VIQ17–24 years, mean 20, SD 2.37 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: PIQ17–24 years, mean 20, SD 2.37 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: FSIQ17–24 years, mean 20, SD 2.37 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: VIQ62–79 years, mean 70, SD 5.17 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: PIQ62–79 years, mean 70, SD 5.17 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Peters et al., 2008MAB-II: FSIQ62–79 years, mean 70, SD 5.17 f/7 mDensityC3, C4NS
Tucker and Fishbein, 2009MAB-II: VIQMean 21 years12 f/12 mSigma powerC3, C4NS
Tucker and Fishbein, 2009MAB-II: PIQMean 21 years12 f/12 mSigma powerC3, C4NS
Tucker and Fishbein, 2009MAB-II: FSIQMean 21 years12 f/12 mSigma powerC3, C4NS
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: VIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSpindle peak frequencyC3, C4NS
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: FIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSpindle peak frequencyC3, C4NS
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: FSIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSpindle peak frequencyC3, C4r = −0.56, p < 0.05
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: VIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSigma powerC3, C4NS
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: FIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSigma powerC3, C4r = 0.65, p < 0.05
Geiger et al., 2011WISC-IV: FSIQ9–13 years, mean 10.56 f/8 mSigma powerC3, C4r = 0.67, p < 0.01
Lustenberger et al., 2012ZVT: IQ18–20 years, mean 19, SD 0.815 mActivityC4r = 0.55, p < 0.05
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: VIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mTotal number: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: NVIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mTotal number: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: FSIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mTotal number: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: VIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDensity: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: NVIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDensity: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: FSIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDensity: all, fast, slowC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: VIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDurationC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: NVIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDurationC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: FSIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mDurationC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: VIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mFrequencyC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: NVIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mFrequencyC3, C4NS
Chatburn et al., 2013SBIS: FSIQ4–13 years, mean 8, SD 2.113 f/14 mFrequencyC3, C4NS
Gruber et al., 2013WISC-IV: FSIQ7–11 years, mean 9, SD 0.914 f /15 mDensityF3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2NS
Gruber et al., 2013WISC-IV: FSIQ7–11 years, mean 9, SD 0.914 f /15 mAmplitudeF3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2NS
Gruber et al., 2013WISC-IV: FSIQ7–11 years, mean 9, SD 0.914 f /15 mDurationF3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2NS
Gruber et al., 2013WISC-IV: FSIQ7–11 years, mean 9, SD 0.914 f /15 mFrequencyF3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2NS
Ward et al., 2014MAB-II: VIQ18–29 years, mean 21, SD 3.021 f/9 mDensityC3r = 0.18, p > 0.05
Ward et al., 2014MAB-II: PIQ18–29 years, mean 21, SD 3.021 f/9 mDensityC3r = 0.14, p > 0.05
Ward et al., 2014MAB-II: FSIQ18–29 years, mean 21, SD 3.021 f/9 mDensityC3r = 0.22, p > 0.05

  • ↵aRPMT, Raven Progressive Matrices; APM, Advanced Progressive Matrices; MAB-II, Multidimensional Aptitude Battery-II; SBIS, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; ZVT, Zahlen-Verbindungs Test; VIQ, verbal IQ; PIQ, performance IQ; FSIQ, full-scale IQ; FIQ, fluid IQ; NVIQ, nonverbal IQ. Data are from Peters et al. (2007, 2008), Ward et al. (2014), and Peters K (personal communication).