Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics

Characteristic	HCS (n = 106)		Baseline SCZ (n = 129)		Baseline (with 12 mo followup) SCZ (n = 25)		At 12 mo followup SCZ (n = 25)		(i) HCS vs SCZ all subjects (baseline) Significance		(ii) HCS vs SCZ 12 mo (matched, n = 25) Significance		(iii) SCZ (n = 106) vs SCZ (n = 25) at baseline Significance		(iv) SCZ baseline vs 12 mo (n = 25) Significance
Characteristic	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	p	T/χ²	p	T/χ²	p	T/χ²	p	T/χ²
Age (y)	26.30	9.45	24.29	7.88	23.60	9.22	24.56	9.22	0.08	1.77	0.90	0.13	0.63	0.49	—	—
Sex (% male)	48	—	43	—	20	—	20	—	0.47	0.72	0.34	0.96	0.01	2.68^*	—	—
Education (y)	12.47	3.27	12.47	3.13	12.04	2.70	12.04	2.70	0.99	0.01	0.81	0.25	0.45	0.76	—	—
Handedness (% right)	100	—	100	—	100	—	100	—	1	0	0	1	1	0	—	—
Signal-to-noise (SNR)	181.91	43.06	181.97	46.00	180.59	51.58	196.94	52.06	0.99	0.01	0.40	0.85	0.87	0.17	0.18	1.38
Frames scrubbed (T) (%)	5.74	9.03	5.88	9.24	4.78	7.83	5.64	7.47	0.9	0.11	0.85	0.19	0.51	0.66	0.72	0.37
Medication (CPZ equivalents)	—	—	—	—	—	—	168.83	184.68	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Illness duration (mo)	—	—	12.62	21.58	9.10	13.70	21.10	13.70	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
GAF scores	—	—	29.22	10.73	30.96	11.97	61.00	23.36	—	—	—		0.37	0.90	0.0001	4.87^*
PANSS positive symptoms	—	—	24.50	6.63	22.44	5.94	12.17	7.33	—	—	—	—	0.08	1.74	0.0000	5.75^*
PANSS negative symptoms	—	—	18.88	8.33	18.56	5.83	12.71	4.94	—	—	—	—	0.83	0.22	0.0005	4.02^*
PANSS general psychopathology	—	—	46.73	9.63	46.44	8.92	29.63	11.94	—	—	—	—	0.87	0.17	0.0000	6.52^*
PANSS thought disturbance	—	—	13.76	4.07	11.68	3.12	6.83	4.10	—	—	—	—	0.00	2.93	0.0002	4.4^*
PANSS activation	—	—	9.19	3.35	8.56	3.20	5.63	2.68	—	—	—	—	0.29	1.05	0.0009	3.81^*
PANSS paranoid	—	—	10.10	2.87	10.32	3.09	5.17	3.05	—	—	—	—	0.67	0.42	0.0000	7.21^*
PANSS depression	—	—	8.71	3.88	8.52	3.48	6.42	2.78	—	—	—	—	0.79	0.27	0.0016	3.58^*
PANSS anergia	—	—	8.93	4.44	8.68	3.21	6.63	2.41	—	—	—	—	0.76	0.31	0.0015	3.59^*
PANSS impulsive aggression	—	—	15.93	5.04	15.08	5.83	9.17	4.61	—	—	—	—	0.35	0.94	0.0001	4.92^*
PANSS total psychopathology	—	—	95.88	19.99	94.68	16.86	58.88	24.81	—	—	—	—	0.74	0.33	0.0000	6.24^*

Participants had no current or past alcohol/drug abuse/dependence. The statistical comparisons reflect four different tests that allow interpretation of the demographics for the complete EC-SCZ sample studied at baseline (n = 106) and specifically patients who were followed longitudinally (n = 25 EC-SCZ scanned at baseline and at 12 mo follow-up): (i) comparison of all HCS and EC-SCZ at baseline; (ii) comparison of a subset of matched HCS and those EC-SCZ that received a longitudinal scan (n = 25); (iii) comparison of those EC-SCZ subjects at baseline who did not receive a longitudinal scan (n = 106) versus those who did (n = 25), illustrating comparable profiles (this comparison, however, revealed a difference in gender proportion, but no differences across any other measures, indicating that the subsample followed longitudinally is highly comparable to the complete sample studied at baseline) and (iv) paired t test comparison of EC-SCZ at baseline versus 12 mo follow-up (this analysis revealed a significant improvement across all symptoms for n = 25 patients who received longitudinal follow-up; we specifically quantified this symptom improvement in relation to longitudinally altered PFC rGBC; Fig. 8). CPZ, chlorpromazine; GAF, global assessment of functioning; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale.
↵* Significant T or χ² statistic for the between-group comparison.