Measure | Active control | Cognitive training | β | p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-tx | Mid-tx | Post-tx | Pre-tx | Mid-tx | Post-tx | |||
Visuospatial n-back accuracy (number correct of 60 targets) | 52.6 (4.3) | 53.6 (5.3) | 54.7 (4.6) | 52.4 (5.2) | 55.4 (4.1) | 54.9 (5.1) | 1.1 | <0.0001 |
Visuospatial n-back correct response time, ms | 537.1 (79.2) | 539.5 (85.1) | 546.6 (86.7) | 530.4 (101.4) | 541.7 (112.6) | 541.2 (102.7) | 5.4 | 0.08 |
Visuospatial n-back number of false-positive results | 4.5 (3.2) | 5.0 (4.0) | 4.6 (3.5) | 5.2 (2.9) | 4.0 (3.1) | 3.5 (4.3) | −0.42 | 0.014 |
Continuous performance task accuracy (number correct of 120 targets) | 113.3 (6.4) | 116.6 (3.3) | 116.2 (4.8) | 111.1 (8.7) | 115.1 (7.0) | 115.3 (6.6) | 1.8 | <0.0001 |
Continuous performance task correct response time, ms | 425.8 (36.1) | 421.6 (36.7) | 415.4 (33.6) | 436.2 (51.1) | 424.9 (45.6) | 418.3 (41.5) | −7.0 | <0.0001 |
Continuous performance task number of false positives | 7.6 (6.8) | 7.0 (6.5) | 5.7 (5.7) | 10.1 (7.7) | 7.2 (5.8) | 6.5 (5.4) | −1.5 | <0.0001 |
Stop signal task SSRT, ms | 242.0 (38.4) | 226.1 (48.4) | 215.8 (42.4) | 242.0 (39.7) | 230.9 (45.3) | 218.7 (38.8) | −12.4 | <0.0001 |
Stroop task, Stroop effect, ms | 54.6 (55.4) | 45.5 (53.1) | 46.9 (52.9) | 67.6 (65.6) | 56.0 (60.7) | 48.6 (64.0) | −6.5 | 0.04 |
Color/shape task switch cost, ms | 287.9 (223.5) | 291.6 (253.8) | 246.3 (179.1) | 302.6 (195.3) | 291.4 (207.7) | 242.8 (136.2) | −25.6 | 0.003 |
Values shown are the mean (SD). Tasks assessed the following cognitive domains: response inhibition (stop signal task), verbal interference (Stroop task), working memory (visuospatial n-back), sustained attention (continuous performance task); and cognitive flexibility (color/shape task). Test statistics are for main effect of time in the multiple regression models. SSRT, Stop signal response time; Pre-tx, pretreatment; Mid-tx, mid-treatment; Post-tx, post-treatment.