Skip to main content

Self, Non-Self, and Danger: A Complementary View

  • Conference paper
Book cover Current Topics in Complement

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((volume 586))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

10. References

  1. F. M. Burner, Immunological recognition of self, Science 133, 307–311 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. R. E. Billingham, L. Brent and P. B. Medawar, Activity acquired tolerance of foreign cells, Nature 172, 603–606 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. C. A. Janeway, Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology, Cold Spring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol. 54, 1–13 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. C. A. Janeway and R. Medzhitov, Innate immune recognition, Annu Rev Immunol 20, 197–216 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Matzinger, The danger model: a renewed sense of self, Science 296, 301–305 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Matzinger, Tolerance, danger, and the extended family, Annu Rev Immunol 12, 991–1045 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Y. Seong and P. Matzinger, Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses., Nat Rev Immunol 4, 469–478 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. J. Walport, Review articles: advances in immunology: complement (first of two parts), N Engl J Med 344, 1058–1066 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. P. Manderson, M. Botto and M. J. Walport, The role of complement in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, Annu Rev Immunol 22, 431–456 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Köhl, Anaphylatoxins and infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, Mol Immunol 38, 175–187 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. R. F. Guo and P. A. Ward, Role of c5a in inflammatory responses, Annu Rev Immunol 23, 821–852 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. C. Carroll, The complement system in regulation of adaptive immunity, Nat Immunol 5, 981–986 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Hawlisch and J. Köhl, Complement and Toll-like receptors: key regulators of adaptive immune responses, Mol Immunol 43, 13–21 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Nonaka and F. Yoshizaki, Primitive complement system of invertebrates, Immunol Rev 198, 203–215 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Fujita, M. Matsushita and Y. Endo, The lectin-complement pathway — its role in innate immunity and evolution, Immunol Rev 198, 185–202 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Sahu, T. R. Kozel and M. K. Pangburn, Specificity of the thioester-containing reactive site of human C3 and its significance to complement activation, Biochem J 302 (Pt 2), 429–436 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. A. Klein, P. S. Kaeser, P. Schwarz, H. Weyd, I. Xenarios, R. M. Zinkernagel, M. C. Carroll, J. S. Verbeek, M. Botto, M. J. Walport, H. Molina, U. Kalinke, H. Acha-Orbea and A. Aguzzi, Complement facilitates early prion pathogenesis, Nat Med 7, 488–492 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. S. B. Storrs, W. P. Kolb and M. S. Olson, C1q binding and C1 activation by various isolated cellular membranes, J Immunol 131, 416–422 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. C. Peitsch, J. Tschopp, A. Kress and H. Isliker, Antibody-independent activation of the complement system by mitochondria is mediated by cardiolipin, Biochem J 249, 495–500 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Kovacsovics, J. Tschopp, A. Kress and H. Isliker, Antibody-independent activation of C1, the first component of complement, by cardiolipin, J Immunol 35, 2695–2700 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  21. B. Ghebrehiwet, B. P. Randazzo, J. T. Dunn, M. Silverberg and A. P. Kaplan, Mechanisms of activation of the classical pathway of complement by Hageman factor fragment, J Clin Invest 71, 1450–1456 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C. Garlanda, B. Bottazzi, A. Bastone and A. Mantovani, Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility, Annu Rev Immunol 23, 337–366 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. W. Turner, The role of mannose-binding lectin in health and disease, Mol Immunol 40, 423–429 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. C. A. Ogden, A. deCathelineau, P. R. Hoffmann, D. Bratton, B. Ghebrehiwet, V. A. Fadok and P. M. Henson, C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells, J Exp Med 194, 781–795 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. B. J. Janssen, E. G. Huizinga, H. C. Raaijmakers, A. Roos, M. R. Daha, K. Nilsson-Ekdahl, B. Nilsson and P. Gros, Structures of complement component C3 provide insights into the function and evolution of immunity, Nature 437, 505–511 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. O. Selberg, H. Hecker, M. Martin, A. Klos, W. Bautsch and J. Köhl, Discrimination of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome by determination of circulating plasma concentrations of procalcitonin, protein complement 3a, and interleukin-6, Crit Care Med 28, 2793–2798 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. K. Pangburn, R. D. Schreiber and H. J. Muller-Eberhard, Formation of the initial C3 convertase of the alternative complement pathway. Acquisition of C3b-like activities by spontaneous hydrolysis of the putative thioester in native C3, J Exp Med 154, 856–867 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. B. Ghebrehiwet and E. I. Peerschke, cC1q-R (calreticulin) and gC1q-R/p33: ubiquitously expressed multi-ligand binding cellular proteins involved in inflammation and infection, Mol Immunol 41, 173–183 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. E. Guan, S. L. Robinson, E. B. Goodman and A. J. Tenner, Cell-surface protein identified on phagocytic cells modulates the C1q-mediated enhancement of phagocytosis, J Immunol 152, 4005–4016 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Botto, C. Dell’Agnola, A. E. Bygrave, E. M. Thompson, H. T. Cook, F. Petry, M. Loos, P. P. Pandolfi and M. J. Walport, Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies, Nat Genet 19, 56–59 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. J. Walport, K. A. Davies and M. Botto, C1q and systemic lupus erythematosus, Immunobiology 199, 265–285 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Z. Shariat-Madar, F. Mahdi and A. H. Schmaier, Assembly and activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system: a new interpretation, Int Immunopharmacol 2, 1841–1849 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. D. J. Kittlesen, K. A. Chianese-Bullock, Z. Q. Yao, T. J. Braciale and Y. S. Hahn, Interaction between complement receptor gC1qR and hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation, J Clin Invest 106, 1239–1249 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. L. Reinagel and R. P. Taylor, Transfer of immune complexes from erythrocyte CR1 to mouse macrophages, J Immunol 164, 1977–1985 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. D. J. Birmingham and L. A. Hebert, CR1 and CR1-like: the primate immune adherence receptors, Immunol Rev 180, 100–111 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Fallman, R. Andersson and T. Andersson, Signaling properties of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR1 (CD35) in relation to phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles, J Immunol 151, 330–338 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Krych-Goldberg and J. P. Atkinson, Structure-function relationships of complement receptor type 1, Immunol Rev 180, 112–122 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. A. Stoute, Complement-regulatory proteins in severe malaria: too little or too much of a good thing? Trends Parasitol 21, 218–223 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. E. Fischer, C. Delibrias and M. D. Kazatchkine, Expression of CR2 (the C3dg/EBV receptor, CD21) on normal human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, J Immunol 146, 865–869 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. E. Levy, J. Ambrus, L. Kahl, H. Molina, K. Tung and V. M. Holers, T lymphocyte expression of complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21): a role in adhesive cell-cell interactions and dysregulation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Clin Exp Immunol 90, 235–244 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. R. Pratt, S. A. Basheer and S. H. Sacks, Local synthesis of complement component C3 regulates acute renal transplant rejection, Nat Med 8, 582–587 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. P. W. Dempsey, M. E. Allison, S. Akkaraju, C. C. Goodnow and D. T. Fearon, C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity, Science 271, 348–350 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. M. Ahearn, M. B. Fischer, D. Croix, S. Goerg, M. Ma, J. Xia, X. Zhou, R. G. Howard, T. L. Rothstein and M. C. Carroll, Disruption of the Cr2 locus results in a reduction in B-1a cells and in an impaired B cell response to T-dependent antigen, Immunity 4, 251–262 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. D. T. Fearon and M. C. Carroll, Regulation of B lymphocyte responses to foreign and self-antigens by the CD19/CD21 complex, Annu Rev Immunol 18, 393–422 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. V. M. Holers, Complement receptors and the shaping of the natural antibody repertoire, Springer Semin Immunopathol 26, 405–423 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. D. Fleming, T. Shea-Donohue, J. M. Guthridge, L. Kulik, T. J. Waldschmidt, M. G. Gipson, G. C. Tsokos and V. M. Holers, Mice deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2 lack a tissue injury-inducing subset of the natural antibody repertoire, J Immunol 169, 2126–2133 (2002).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. D. Fleming, R. P. Egan, C. Chai, G. Girardi, V. M. Holers, J. Salmon, M. Monestier and G. C. Tsokos, Anti-phospholipid antibodies restore mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in complement receptor 2/complement receptor 1-deficient mice, J Immunol 173, 7055–7061 (2004).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M. C. Carroll, The complement system in B cell regulation, Mol Immunol 41, 141–146 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. K. Pangburn, Host recognition and target differentiation by factor H, a regulator of the alternative pathway of complement, Immunopharmacology 49, 149–157 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Agramonte-Hevia, A. Gonzalez-Arenas, D. Barrera and M. Velasco-Velazquez, Gram-negative bacteria and phagocytic cell interaction mediated by complement receptor 3, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 34, 255–266 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. S. L. Jones, U. G. Knaus, G. M. Bokoch and E. J. Brown, Two signaling mechanisms for activation of alphaM beta2 avidity in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, J Biol Chem 273, 10556–10566 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. M. Mastrangelo, T. M. Jeitner and J. W. Eaton, Oleic acid increases cell surface expression and activity of CD11b on human neutrophils, J Immunol 161, 4268–4275 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. A. Newton and N. Hogg, The human S100 protein MRP-14 is a novel activator of the beta 2 integrin Mac-1 on neutrophils, J Immunol 160, 1427–1435 (1998).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. T. Marth and B. L. Kelsall, Regulation of interleukin-12 by complement receptor 3 signaling, J Exp Med 185, 1987–1995 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. K. M. Murphy and S. L. Reiner, The lineage decisions of helper T cells, Nat Rev Immunol 2, 933–944 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Jones and B. P. Morgan, Apoptosis is associated with reduced expression of complement regulatory molecules, adhesion molecules and other receptors on polymorphonuclear leucocytes: functional relevance and role in inflammation, Immunology 86, 651–660 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. K. Elward, M. Griffiths, M. Mizuno, C. L. Harris, J. W. Neal, B. P. Morgan and P. Gasque, CD46 plays a key role in tailoring innate immune recognition of apoptotic and necrotic cells, J Biol Chem 280, 36342–36354 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. C. L. Karp, M. Wysocka, L. M. Wahl, J. M. Ahearn, P. J. Cuomo, B. Sherry, G. Trinchieri and D. E. Griffin, Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by measles virus, Science 273, 228–231 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. K. Liszewski, C. Kemper, J. D. Price and J. P. Atkinson, Emerging roles and new functions of CD46, Springer Semin Immunopathol 27, 345–358 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. C. Kemper, A. C. Chan, J. M. Green, K. A. Brett, K. M. Murphy and J. P. Atkinson, Activation of human CD4+ cells with CD3 and CD46 induces a T-regulatory cell 1 phenotype, Nature 421, 388–392 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. U. E. Hopken, B. Lu, N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, The C5a chemoattractant receptor mediates mucosal defence to infection, Nature 383, 86–89 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. P. A. Ward, The dark side of C5a in sepsis, Nat Rev Immunol 4, 133–142 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Y. Wang, S. A. Rollins, J. A. Madri and L. A. Matis, Anti-C5 monoclonal antibody therapy prevents collagen-induced arthritis and ameliorates established disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 8955–8959 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. H. Ji, K. Ohmura, U. Mahmood, D. M. Lee, F. M. Hofhuis, S. A. Boackle, K. Takahashi, V. M. Holers, M. Walport, C. Gerard, A. Ezekowitz, M. C. Carroll, M. Brenner, R. Weissleder, J. S. Verbeek, V. Duchatelle, C. Degott, C. Benoist and D. Mathis, Arthritis critically dependent on innate immune system players, Immunity 16, 157–168 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. L. Boos, I. L. Campbell, R. Ames, R. A. Wetsel and S. R. Barnum, Deletion of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a receptor attenuates, whereas ectopic expression of C3a in the brain exacerbates, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Immunol 173, 4708–4714 (2004).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, Complement in allergy and asthma, Curr Opin Immunol 14, 705–708 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. H. Hawlisch, M. Wills-Karp, C. L. Karp and J. Kohl, The anaphylatoxins bridge innate and adaptive immune responses in allergic asthma, Mol Immunol 41, 123–131 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. M. Wills-Karp and J. Köhl, New insights into the role of the complement pathway in allergy and asthma, Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5, 362–369 (2005).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. T. Crass, U. Raffetseder, U. Martin, M. Grove, A. Klos, J. Köhl and W. Bautsch, Expression cloning of the human C3a anaphylatoxin receptor (C3aR) from differentiated U-937 cells, Eur J Immunol 26, 1944–1950 (1996).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. S. Ames, Y. Li, H. M. Sarau, P. Nuthulaganti, J. J. Foley, C. Ellis, Z. Zeng, K. Su, A. J. Jurewicz, R. P. Hertzberg, D. J. Bergsma and C. Kumar, Molecular cloning and characterization of the human anaphylatoxin C3a receptor, J Biol Chem 271, 20231–20234 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, The chemotactic receptor for human C5a anaphylatoxin, Nature 349, 614–617 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. F. Boulay, L. Mery, M. Tardif, L. Brouchon and P. Vignais, Expression cloning of a receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin on differentiated HL-60 cells, Biochemistry 30, 2993–2999 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. Norgauer, G. Dobos, E. Kownatzki, C. Dahinden, R. Burger, R. Kupper and P. Gierschik, Complement fragment C3a stimulates Ca2+ influx in neutrophils via a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein, Eur J Biochem 217, 289–294 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. Zwirner, O. Götze, A. Moser, A. Sieber, G. Begemann, A. Kapp, J. Elsner and T. Werfel, Blood-and skin-derived monocytes/macrophages respond to C3a but not to C3a(desArg) with a transient release of calcium via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway, Eur J Immunol 27, 2317–2322 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. A. M. Buhl, S. Osawa and G. L. Johnson, Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor, J Biol Chem 270, 19828–19832 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. M. Vanek, L. D. Hawkins and F. Gusovsky, Coupling of the C5a receptor to Gi in U-937 cells and in cells transfected with C5a receptor cDNA, Mol Pharmacol 46, 832–839 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. I. U. Schraufstatter, K. Trieu, L. Sikora, P. Sriramarao and R. DiScipio, Complement c3a and c5a induce different signal transduction cascades in endothelial cells, J Immunol 169, 2102–2110 (2002).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. R. K. Lo, H. Cheung and Y. H. Wong, Constitutively active G(alpha)16 stimulates STAT3 via a c-Src/JAK-and ERK-dependent mechanism, J Biol Chem (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  79. C. W. Strey, M. Markiewski, D. Mastellos, R. Tudoran, L. A. Spruce, L. E. Greenbaum and J. D. Lambris, The proinflammatory mediators C3a and C5a are essential for liver regeneration, J Exp Med 198, 913–923 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. V. P. Krymskaya, M. J. Orsini, A. J. Eszterhas, K. C. Brodbeck, J. L. Benovic, R. A. Panettieri, Jr. and R. B. Penn, Mechanisms of proliferation synergy by receptor tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptor activation in human airway smooth muscle, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23, 546–554 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Ohno, T. Hirata, M. Enomoto, T. Araki, H. Ishimaru and T. A. Takahashi, A putative chemoattractant receptor, C5L2, is expressed in granulocyte and immature dendritic cells, but not in mature dendritic cells, Mol Immunol 37, 407–412 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. S. A. Cain and P. N. Monk, The orphan receptor C5L2 has high affinity binding sites for complement fragments C5a and C5a des-Arg(74), J Biol Chem 277, 7165–7169 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. S. Okinaga, D. Slattery, A. Humbles, Z. Zsengeller, O. Morteau, M. B. Kinrade, R. M. Brodbeck, J. E. Krause, H. R. Choe, N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, C5L2, a nonsignaling C5A binding protein, Biochemistry 42, 9406–9415 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. N. P. Gerard, B. Lu, P. Liu, S. Craig, Y. Fujiwara, S. Okinaga and C. Gerard, An anti-inflammatory function for the complement anaphylatoxin C5a binding protein, C5L2, J Biol Chem 280, 39677–39680 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. A. Neff, R. F. Guo, S. B. Neff, J. V. Sarma, C. L. Speyer, H. Gao, K. D. Bernacki, M. Huber-Lang, S. McGuire, L. M. Hoesel, N. C. Riedemann, B. Beck-Schimmer, F. S. Zetoune and P. A. Ward, Relationship of acute lung inflammatory injury to Fas/FasL system, Am J Pathol 166, 685–694 (2005).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. W. H. Fischer, M. A. Jagels and T. E. Hugli, Regulation of IL-6 synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by C3a and C3a(desArg), J Immunol 162, 453–459 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. W. H. Fischer and T. E. Hugli, Regulation of B cell functions by C3a and C3a(desArg): suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and the polyclonal immune response, J Immunol 159, 4279–4286 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. T. Takabayashi, E. Vannier, J. F. Burke, R. G. Tompkins, J. A. Gelfand and B. D. Clark, Both C3a and C3a(desArg) regulate interleukin-6 synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, J Infect Dis 177, 1622–1628 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K. Francis, B. M. Lewis, H. Akatsu, P. N. Monk, S. A. Cain, M. F. Scanlon, B. P. Morgan, J. Ham and P. Gasque, Complement C3a receptors in the pituitary gland: a novel pathway by which an innate immune molecule releases hormones involved in the control of inflammation, FASEB J 17, 2266–2268 (2003).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. K. Cianflone, Acylation stimulating protein and the adipocyte, J Endocrinol 155, 203–206 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. D. Kalant, S. A. Cain, M. Maslowska, A. D. Sniderman, K. Cianflone and P. N. Monk, The chemoattractant receptor-like protein C5L2 binds the C3a des-Arg77/acylation-stimulating protein, J Biol Chem 278, 11123–11129 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S. Okinaga, D. M. Slattery, A. Humbles, Z. Zsengeller, O. Morteau, M. B. Kinrade, Brodbeck R. M, J. E. Krause, H. Choe, N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, C5L2, a nonsignaling C5a binding protein, Biochemistry (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  93. E. A. Nordahl, V. Rydengard, P. Nyberg, D. P. Nitsche, M. Morgelin, M. Malmsten, L. Bjorck and A. Schmidtchen, Activation of the complement system generates antibacterial peptides, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 16879–16884 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. D. Yang, A. Biragyn, D. M. Hoover, J. Lubkowski and J. J. Oppenheim, Multiple roles of antimicrobial defensins, cathelicidins, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in host defense, Annu Rev Immunol 22, 181–215 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. T. Monsinjon, P. Gasque, P. Chan, A. Ischenko, J. J. Brady and M. C. Fontaine, Regulation by complement C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins of cytokine production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, FASEB J 17, 1003–1014 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. M. C. Braun, R. Y. Reins, T. B. Li, T. J. Hollmann, R. Dutta, W. A. Rick, B. B. Teng and B. Ke, Renal expression of the C3a receptor and functional responses of primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells, J Immunol 173, 4190–4196 (2004).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. I. J. Laudes, J. C. Chu, M. Huber-Lang, R. F. Guo, N. C. Riedemann, J. V. Sarma, F. Mahdi, H. S. Murphy, C. Speyer, K. T. Lu, J. D. Lambris, F. S. Zetoune and P. A. Ward, Expression and function of C5a receptor in mouse microvascular endothelial cells, J Immunol 169, 5962–5970 (2002).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. S. M. Drouin, J. Kildsgaard, J. Haviland, J. Zabner, H. P. Jia, P. B. McCray, B. F. Tack and R. A. Wetsel, Expression of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells in models of sepsis and asthma, J Immunol 166, 2025–2032 (2001).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. E. Addis-Lieser, J. Köhl and M. G. Chiaramonte, opposing regulatory roles of complement factor 5 in the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, J Immunol 175, 1894–1902 (2005).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. S. Hillebrandt, H. E. Wasmuth, R. Weiskirchen, C. Hellerbrand, H. Keppeler, A. Werth, R. Schirin-Sokhan, G. Wilkens, A. Geier, J. Lorenzen, J. Köhl, A. M. Gressner, S. Matern and F. Lammert, Complement factor 5 is a quantitative trait gene that modifies liver fibrogenesis in mice and humans, Nat Genet 37, 835–843 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. A. Fayyazi, O. Scheel, T. Werfel, S. Schweyer, M. Oppermann, O. Götze, H. J. Radzun and J. Zwirner, The C5a receptor is expressed in normal renal proximal tubular but not in normal pulmonary or hepatic epithelial cells, Immunology 99, 38–45 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. R. Zahedi, M. Braun, R. A. Wetsel, B. H. Ault, A. Khan, T. R. Welch, M. Frenzke and A. E. Davis, The C5a receptor is expressed by human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, Clin Exp Immunol 121, 226–233 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. D. L. Haviland, R. L. McCoy, W. T. Whitehead, H. Akama, E. P. Molmenti, A. Brown, J. C. Haviland, W. C. Parks, D. H. Perlmutter and R. A. Wetsel, Cellular expression of the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR): demonstration of C5aR on nonmyeloid cells of the liver and lung, J Immunol 154, 1861–1869 (1995).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. S. A. O’Barr, J. Caguioa, D. Gruol, G. Perkins, J. A. Ember, T. Hugli and N. R. Cooper, Neuronal expression of a functional receptor for the C5a complement activation fragment, J Immunol 166, 4154–4162 (2001).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. H. Osaka, A. McGinty, U. E. Hoepken, B. Lu, C. Gerard and G. M. Pasinetti, Expression of C5a receptor in mouse brain: role in signal transduction and neurodegeneration, Neuroscience 88, 1073–1082 (1999).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. M. M. Markiewski, R. A. Deangelis and J. D. Lambris, Liver inflammation and regeneration: Two distinct biological phenomena or parallel pathophysiologic processes? Mol Immunol 43, 45–56 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. A. S. McWilliam, S. Napoli, A. M. Marsh, F. L. Pemper, D. J. Nelson, C. L. Pimm, P. A. Stumbles, T. N. Wells and P. G. Holt, Dendritic cells are recruited into the airway epithelium during the inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli, J Exp Med 184, 2429–2432 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. A. Morelli, A. Larregina, E. Chuluyan, E. Kolkowski and L. Fainboim, Functional expression and modulation of C5a receptor (CD88) on skin dendritic cells, Adv Exp Med Biol 417, 133–138 (1997).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. A. Morelli, A. Larregina, I. Chuluyan, E. Kolkowski and L. Fainboim, Expression and modulation of C5a receptor (CD88) on skin dendritic cells. Chemotactic effect of C5a on skin migratory dendritic cells, Immunology 89, 126–134 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. K. Kirchhoff, O. Weinmann, J. Zwirner, G. Begemann, O. Gotze, A. Kapp and T. Werfel, Detection of anaphylatoxin receptors on CD83+ dendritic cells derived from human skin, Immunology 103, 210–217 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. D. Yang, Q. Chen, S. Stoll, X. Chen, O. M. Howard and J. J. Oppenheim, Differential regulation of responsiveness to fMLP and C5a upon dendritic cell maturation: correlation with receptor expression, J Immunol 165, 2694–2702 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. B. N. Lambrecht and H. Hammad, Taking our breath away: dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of asthma, Nat Rev Immunol 3, 994–1003 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. A. A. Humbles, B. Lu, C. A. Nilsson, C. Lilly, E. Israel, Y. Fujiwara, N. P. Gerard and C. Gerard, A role for the C3a anaphylatoxin receptor in the effector phase of asthma, Nature 406, 998–1001 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. N. Krug, T. Tschernig, V. J. Erpenbeck, J. M. Hohlfeld and J. Köhl, Complement factors c3a and c5a are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in subjects with asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 1841–1843 (2001).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Köhl, J, Baelder, R., Lewkowich, I. P., Pandey, M. P., Hawlisch, H., Wang, L., Best, J., Herman, N. S., Sproles, A, Zwirner, J., Whitsett, J. A., Gerard, C., Sfyroera, G., Lambris, J. D., and Wills-Karp, M. A regulatory role for the C5a anaphylatoxin on type 2 immunity in asthma. J Clin Invest. In press (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  116. M. Colonna, G. Trinchieri and Y. J. Liu, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity, Nat Immunol 5, 1219–1226 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. B. N. Lambrecht, M. De Veerman, A. J. Coyle, J. C. Gutierrez-Ramos, K. Thielemans and R. A. Pauwels, Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation, J Clin Invest 106, 551–559 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. H. J. De Heer, H. Hammad, T. Soullie, D. Hijdra, N. Vos, M. A. Willart, H. C. Hoogsteden and B. N. Lambrecht, Essential role of lung plasmacytoid dendritic cells in preventing asthmatic reactions to harmless inhaled antigen, J Exp Med 200, 89–98 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. T. B. Oriss, M. Ostroukhova, C. Seguin-Devaux, B. Dixon-McCarthy, D. B. Stolz, S. C. Watkins, B. Pillemer, P. Ray and A. Ray, Dynamics of dendritic cell phenotype and interactions with CD4+ T cells in airway inflammation and tolerance, J Immunol 174, 854–863 (2005).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. M. M. Hagendorens, D. G. Ebo, A. J. Schuerwegh, A. Huybrechs, H. P. Van Bever, C. H. Bridts, L. S. De Clerck and W. J. Stevens, Differences in circulating dendritic cell subtypes in cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy and allergic children, Clin Exp Allergy 33, 633–639 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. M. Wittmann, J. Zwirner, V. A. Larsson, K. Kirchhoff, G. Begemann, A. Kapp, O. Götze and T. Werfel, C5a suppresses the production of IL-12 by IFN-gammaprimed and lipopolysaccharide-challenged human monocytes, J Immunol 162, 6763–6769 (1999).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. M. C. Braun, E. Lahey and B. L. Kelsall, Selective suppression of IL-12 production by chemoattractants, J Immunol 164, 3009–3017 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. C. L. Karp, A. Grupe, E. Schadt, S. L. Ewart, M. Keane-Moore, P. J. Cuomo, J. Köhl, L. Wahl, D. Kuperman, S. Germer, D. Aud, G. Peltz and M. Wills-Karp, Identification of complement factor 5 as a susceptibility locus for experimental allergic asthma, Nat Immunol 1, 221–226 (2000).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. H. Hawlisch, Y. Belkaid, R. Baelder, D. Hildeman, C. Gerard and J. Köhl, C5a negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 4-induced immune responses., Immunity 22, 415–426 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. Wang, Q. Hu, J. A. Madri, S. A. Rollins, A. Chodera and L. A. Matis, Amelioration of lupus-like autoimmune disease in NZB/WF1 mice after treatment with a blocking monoclonal antibody specific for complement component C5, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 8563–8568 (1996).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. R. F. Tsuji, I. Kawikova, R. Ramabhadran, M. Akahira-Azuma, D. Taub, T. E. Hugli, C. Gerard and P. W. Askenase, Early local generation of C5a initiates the elicitation of contact sensitivity by leading to early T cell recruitment, J Immunol 165, 1588–1598 (2000).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. F. Gervais, C. Desforges and E. Skamene, The C5-sufficient A/J congenic mouse strain. Inflammatory response and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, J Immunol 142, 2057–2060 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. H. Sam and M. M. Stevenson, Early IL-12 p70, but not p40, production by splenic macrophages correlates with host resistance to blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS malaria, Clin Exp Immunol 117, 343–349 (1999).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. C. M. Blatteis, S. Li, Z. Li, V. Perlik and C. Feleder, Signaling the brain in systemic inflammation: the role of complement, Front Biosci 9, 915–931 (2004).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. N. Shushakova, J. Skokowa, J. Schulman, U. Baumann, J. Zwirner, R. E. Schmidt and J. E. Gessner, C5a anaphylatoxin is a major regulator of activating versus inhibitory FcgammaRs in immune complex-induced lung disease, J Clin Invest 110, 1823–1830 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. J. Godau, T. Heller, H. Hawlisch, M. Trappe, E. Howells, J. Best, J. Zwirner, J. S. Verbeek, P. M. Hogarth, C. Gerard, N. Van Rooijen, A. Klos, J. E. Gessner and J. Köhl, C5a initiates the inflammatory cascade in immune complex peritonitis, J Immunol 173, 3437–3445 (2004).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this paper

Cite this paper

Köhl, J. (2006). Self, Non-Self, and Danger: A Complementary View. In: Lambris, J.D. (eds) Current Topics in Complement. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 586. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34134-X_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics