Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment pp 311–347Cite as

Eye Tracking Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Characterization and Pathophysiology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 4))

Abstract

Eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) is one of the most widely replicated behavioral deficits in schizophrenia and is over-represented in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Here, we provide an overview of research relevant to the characterization and pathophysiology of this impairment. Deficits are most robust in the maintenance phase of pursuit, particularly during the tracking of predictable target movement. Impairments are also found in pursuit initiation and correlate with performance on tests of motion processing, implicating early sensory processing of motion signals. Taken together, the evidence suggests that ETD involves higher-order structures, including the frontal eye fields, which adjust the gain of the pursuit response to visual and anticipated target movement, as well as early parts of the pursuit pathway, including motion areas (the middle temporal area and the adjacent medial superior temporal area). Broader application of localizing behavioral paradigms in patient and family studies would be advantageous for refining the eye tracking phenotype for genetic studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Two studies explicitly followed up the Diefendorf and Dodge report (Couch and Fox 1934; White 1938). Both studies replicated the finding of impaired pursuit in schizophrenic patients, but questioned its specificity and independence from clinical state, especially in manic-depressive patients. Modern psychotropic drugs were not yet in use, but barbiturates were commonly used to control agitation. Impaired pursuit was found during periods of clinical exacerbation, corresponding to periods of barbiturate treatment, whereas pursuit normalized during periods of remission, corresponding to barbiturate discontinuation. Only later were barbiturates discovered to impair pursuit (Rashbass and Russell 1961; Schalen et al. 1988), suggesting that what appeared at the time to be an association between clinical state and pursuit performance was actually a drug-induced epiphenomenon.

  2. 2.

    A discussion of possible reasons for the difference between these results and those of earlier investigators as well as a critical review of the literature on vestibular function in psychopathological conditions can be found elsewhere (Levy et al. 1983). The status of visual−vestibular interaction remains unclear, with some data supporting normal responses in schizophrenic patients (Levy et al. 1978) and other data supporting abnormal responses (Jones and Pivik 1983; Yee et al. 1987; Warren and Ross 1998).

  3. 3.

    This function of gain was discovered by the same Dodge who collaborated with Diefendorf in the first study of oculomotor function in schizophrenia (Dodge 1903).

  4. 4.

    Positive and negative values for effect sizes correspond to whether patients had higher or lower mean scores than controls, respectively.

  5. 5.

    Larger for 10 deg/s targets, no difference for 20 deg/s targets.

  6. 6.

    Differences were found in the last 40 ms of pursuit initiation, but not in the first 60 ms. Other investigators averaged across these epochs.

  7. 7.

    If lesion is unilateral, deficits may be for ipsiversive pursuit only (Morrow and Sharpe 1995) or may affect pursuit in both directions (Lekwuwa and Barnes 1996).

References

  • Abel L, Ziegler A (1988) Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenics – what constitutes quantitative assessment? Biol Psychiatry 24:747–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abel LA, Levin S, Holzman PS (1992) Abnormalities of smooth pursuit and saccadic control in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Vision Res 32:1009–1014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JS, Matsunaga K, Hacisalihzade S, Stark L (1990) The smooth pursuit eye movements of normal and schizophrenic subjects tracking an unpredictable target. Biol Psychiatry 28:795–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amador XF, Sackheim HA, Mukherjee S, Halperin R, Neeley P, Maclin E, Schnur D (1991) Specificity of smooth pursuit eye movement and visual fixation abnormalities in schizophrenia: comparison to mania and normal controls. Schizophr Res 5:135–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arolt V, Lencer R, Nolte A, Muller-Myhsok B, Purmann S, Schurmann M, Leutelt J, Pinnow M, Schwinger E (1996) Eye tracking dysfunction is a putative phenotypic susceptibility marker of schizophrenia and maps to a locus on chromosome 6p in families with multiple occurrence of the disease. Am J Med Genet 67:564–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arolt V, Teichert H-M, Steege D, Lencer R, Heide W (1998) Distinguishing schizophrenic patients from healthy controls by quantitative measurement of eye movement parameters. Biol Psychiatry 44:448–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arolt V, Lencer R, Purmann S, Schurmann M, Muller-Myhsok B, Krecker K, Schwinger E (1999) Testing for linkage of eye tracking dysfunction to markers on chromosomes 6, 8, 9, 20, 22 in families multiply affected with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 88:603–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avila MT, Hong LE, Moates A, Turano KA, Thaker GK (2006) Role of anticipation in schizophrenia-related pursuit initiation deficits. J Neurophysiol 95:593–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CL, Hess RF, Zihl J (1991) Residual motion perception in a “motion blind” patient assessed with limited-lifetime random dot stimuli. J Neurosci 11:451–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW, Honrubia V (1990) Clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Barborica A, Ferrera VP (2003) Estimating invisible target speed from neuronal activity in monkey frontal eye field. Nat Neurosci 6:66–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barborica A, Ferrera VP (2004) Modification of saccades evoked by stimulation of frontal eye field during invisible target tracking. J Neurosci 24:3260–3267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes GR, Donnelly SF, Eason RD (1987) Predictive velocity estimation in the pursuit reflex response to pseudo-random and step displacement stimuli in man. J Physiol 389:111–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton JJS, Cherkasova M, Lindgren K, Goff DC, Intriligator JM, Manoach DS (2002) Antisaccades and task-switching: studies of control processes in saccadic function in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Neurobiology of eye movements: from molecules to behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 956:250–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barton JJS, Pandita M, Thakkar K, Goff DC, Manoach DS (2008) The relation between antisaccade errors, fixation stability and prosaccade errors in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 186:273–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer LO (1997) Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers. Clin Exp Res 21:910–915

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell BB, Abel LA, Li W, Christian JC, Yee RD (1994) Concordance of smooth pursuit and saccadic measures in normal monozygotic twins. Biol Psychiatry 36:522–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biscaldi M, Gezeck S, Stuhr V (1998) Poor saccadic control correlates with dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 36:1189–1202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogacki PA, Borkowska A, Wojanowska-Bogacka M, Rybakowski JK (2005) Relationship between class I and II HLA antigens in schizophrenia and eye movement disturbances: a preliminary study. Neuropsychobiology 51:204–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botstein D, Risch N (2003) Discovering genotypes underlying human phenotypes: past successes for Mendelian disease, future approaches for complex disease. Nat Genet 33(Suppl):228–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braus DF, Weber-Fahr W, Tost H, Ruf M, Henn FA (2002) Sensory information processing in neuroleptic-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:696–701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bremmer F, Ilg UJ, Thiele A, Distler C, Hoffmann KP (1997) Eye position effects in monkey cortex. I. Visual and pursuit-related activity in extrastriate areas MT and MST. J Neurophsyiol 77:944–961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britten KH, Newsome WT, Shadlen MN, Celebrini S, Movshon JA (1996) A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual response of neurons in macaque MT. Vis Neurosci 13:87–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownstein J, Krastoshevsky O, McCollum C, Kundamal S, Matthysse S, Holzman PS, Mendell NR, Levy DL (2003) Antisaccade performance is abnormal in schizophrenia patients but not in their biological relatives. Schizophr Res 63:13–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchsbaum MS, Rieder RO (1979) Biological heterogeneity and psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:1163–1169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler PD, Schechter I, Zemon V, Schwartz SG, Greenstein VC, Gordon J, Schroeder CE, Javitt DC (2001) Dysfunction in early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 158:1126–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins ME, Iacono WG, Curtis CE (2003) Smooth pursuit and antisaccade performance evidence trait stability in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. Int J Psychophysiol 49:139–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins ME, Iacono WG, Ones DS (2008) Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes. Brain Cogn 68:436–461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos FX, Marvasti FF, Ducharme JL, Walter JM, Israel ME, Krain A, Pavlovsky C, Hommer DW (2000) Executive function oculomotor tasks in girls with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:644–650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos NA, Bauer LO (2004) Effects of antisocial personality, cocaine and opioid dependence, and gender on eye movement control. Psychol Rep 95:551–563

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Levy DL, Nakayama K, Matthysse S, Holzman PS (1999a) Dependence of impaired eye tracking on deficient velocity discrimination of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:155–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS (1999b) Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4724–4729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Palafox G, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS (1999c) Motion perception in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:149–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS (2003) Processing of global, but not local, motion direction is deficient in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 61:215–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Levy DL, Sheremata S, Holzman PS (2004) Compromised late-stage motion processing in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 55:834–841

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Grossman ED, Bidwell LC, Yurgelun-Todd D, Gruber SA, Levy DL, Nakayama K, Holzman PS (2008) Altered posterior and prefrontal cortical activation during visual motion processing in schizophrenia. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 8:293–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clementz BA (1996) Saccades to moving targets in schizophrenia: evidence for normal posterior cortex functioning. Psychophysiology 33:650–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clementz BA, McDowell JE (1994) Smooth-pursuit in schizophrenia: abnormalities of open-loop and closed-loop responses. Psychophysiology 31:79–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clementz BA, McDowell JE, Zisook S (1994) Saccadic system functioning among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 103:277–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clementz BA, Farber RH, Lam MN, Swerdlow NR (1996) Ocular motor responses to unpredictable and predictable smooth pursuit stimuli among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 21:21–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman MJ, Cestnick L, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Huang Z, Mendell NR, Levy DL (2009) Schizophrenia patients show deficits in shifts of attention to different levels of global–local stimuli: evidence for magnocellular dysfunction. Schizophr Bull 35:1108–1116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper PM, Pivik RT (1991) Abnormal visual–vestibular interaction and smooth pursuit tracking in psychosis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 16:30–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couch FH, Fox JC (1934) Photographic study of ocular movements in mental disease. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 34:556–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford TJ, Haegar B, Kennard C, Reveley MA, Henderson L (1995a) Saccadic abnormalities in psychotic patients. I. Neuroleptic-free psychotic patients. Psychol Med 25:461–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford TJ, Haegar B, Kennard C, Reveley MA, Henderson L (1995b) Saccadic abnormalities in psychotic patients. II. The role of neuroleptic treatment. Psychol Med 25:473–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis CE, Calkins ME, Grove WM, Feil KJ, Iacono WG (2001) Saccadic disinhibition in patients with acute and remitted schizophrenia and their first-degree biological relatives. Am J Psychiatry 158:100–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delord S, Ducato MG, Pins D, Devinck F, Thomas P, Boucart M, Knoblauch K (2006) Psychophysical assessment of magno- and parvocellular function in schizophrenia. Vis Neurosci 23:645–650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depatie L, O’Driscoll GA, Holahan A-LV, Atkinson V, Thavundayil JX, Kin NY, Lal S (2002) Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:1056–1070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diefendorf AR, Dodge R (1908) An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records. Brain 31:451–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge R (1903) Five types of eye movement in the horizontal meridian plane in the field of regard. Am J Physiol 8:307–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Dursteler MR, Wurtz RH (1988) Pursuit and optokinetic deficits following chemical lesions of cortical areas MT and MST. J Neurophsyiol 60:940–965

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger U, Kumari V, Crawford TJ, Corr PJ, Das M, Zachariah E, Hughes C, Sumich AL, Rabe-Hesketh S, Sharma T (2004) Smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 38:177–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everling S, Krappman P, Pruess S, Brand A, Flohr H (1996) Hypometric primary saccades of schizophrenics in a delayed response task. Exp Brain Res 111:289–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber RH, Clementz BA, Swerdlow NR (1997) Characteristics of open- and closed-loop smooth pursuit responses among obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and nonpsychiatric individuals. Psychophysiology 34:157–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feil K (1997) Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunctions in remitted and acute schizophrenia: a failure to replicate. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman R, Adler LE, Leonard S (1999) Alternative phenotypes for the complex genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:551–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman L, Jesberger J, Siever L, Thompson P, Mohs R, Meltzer H (1995) Smooth pursuit performance in patients with affective disorders or schizophrenia and normal controls: analysis with specific oculomotor measures, RMS error and qualitative ratings. Psychol Med 25:387–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima J, Morita N, Fukushima K, Chiba T, Tanaka S, Yamashita I (1990) Voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in patients with schizophrenic and affective disorders. J Psychiatr Res 24:9–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon D, O’Driscoll GA, Petrides M, Pike GB (2002) The effect of spatial and temporal information on saccades and neural activity in oculomotor structures. Brain 125:123–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon D, Paus T, Grosbras M-H, Pike GB, O’Driscoll GA (2006) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of frontal oculomotor regions during smooth pursuit. J Neurosci 26:458–466

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RD, Dorus E, Ostrow D, Pandey GN, Davis JM, Levy DL (1984) Mixture distributions in psychiatric research. Biol Psychiatry 19:935–961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding DC (1999) Antisaccade task performance in questionnaire-identified schizotypes. Schizophr Res 35:157–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding DC, Basso MA (2008) The tell-tale tasks: a review of saccadic research in psychiatric patient populations. Brain Cogn 68:371–390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding DC, Tallent KA (2001) The association between antisaccade task and working memory task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 189:8–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding DC, Miller MD, Kwapil TR (2000) Smooth pursuit eye tracking and visual fixation in psychosis-prone individuals. Psychiatry Res 93:41–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 130:636–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb JP, Bruce CJ, MacAvoy MG (1993) Smooth pursuit eye movements elicited by microstimulation of the primate frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 69:786–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb JP, MacAvoy MG, Bruce CJ (1994) Neural responses related to smooth pursuit eye movements and their correspondence with electrically elicited smooth eye movements in the primate frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 72:1634–1653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green MF, Mintz J, Salveson D, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Light GA, Braff DL (2003) Visual masking as a probe for abnormal gamma range activity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 53:113–1119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haraldsson HM, Ettinger U, Magnusdottir BB, Sigmundsson T, Sigurdsson E, Ingason A, Petursson H (2009) COMT val158met genotype and smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 169:173–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heide W, Kurzidim K, Kompf D (1996) Deficits of smooth pursuit eye movements after frontal and parietal lesions. Brain 119:1951–1969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS (1969) Perceptual aspects of psychopathology. In: Zubin J, Shagass C (eds) Neurobiological aspects of psychopathology. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 144–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS (1994) The role of psychological probes in genetic studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 13:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS (2000) Eye movements and the search for the essence of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 31:350–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Matthysse S (1990) The genetics of schizophrenia: a review. Psychol Sci 1:279–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Hughes DW (1973) Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 181:179–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW (1974a) Eye tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:143–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Yasillo NJ, Levy DL (1974b) Reply to Stevens. Science 184:1203–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Proctor LR, Haberman S, Yasillo NJ (1977) Abnormal-pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: evidence for a genetic indicator. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:802–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Matthysse S, Flanagan SD, Lipton RB, Cramer G, Levin S, Lange K, Levy DL (1988) A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:641–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong LE, Avila MT, Adami H, Elliot A, Thaker GK (2003) Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 63:39–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong LE, Avila MT, Thaker GK (2005a) Response to unexpected target changes during sustained visual tracking in schizophrenic patients. Exp Brain Res 165:125–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong LE, Tagamets M, Avila MT, Wonodi I, Holcomb H, Thaker GK (2005b) Specific motion processing pathway deficit during eye tracking in schizophrenia: a performance-matched functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 57:726–732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong LE, Turano KA, O’Neill J, Hao LIW, McMahon RP, Elliott A, Thaker GK (2008) Refining the predictive pursuit endophenotype in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 63:458–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker C, Park S (2000) Trajectory estimation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 45:83–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton SB, Crawford TJ, Puri BK, Duncan LJ, Chapman M, Kennard C, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM (1998) Smooth pursuit and saccadic abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med 28:685–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton SB, Crawford TJ, Kennard C, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM (2000) Smooth pursuit tracking over a structured background in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250:221–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton S, Cuthbert I, Crawford TJ, Kennard C, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM (2001) Saccadic hypometria in drug-naïve and drug-treated schizophrenic patients: a working memory deficit? Psychophysiology 38:125–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iacono W, Lykken D (1979) Electro-oculographic recording and scoring of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye tracking: a parametric study using monozygotic twins. Psychophysiology 16:94–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iacono W, Peloquin LJ, Lumry AE, Valentine RH, Tuason VB (1982) Eye tracking in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders in remission. J Abnorm Psychol 91:35–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen LK, Hong WL, Hommer DW, Hamburger SD, Castellanos FX, Frazier JA, Giedd JN, Gordon CT, Karp BI, McKenna K, Rapoport JL (1996) Smooth pursuit eye movements in child onset schizophrenia: comparison with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal controls. Biol Psychiatry 40:1144–1154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AM, Pivik RT (1983) Abnormal visual–vestibular interactions in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 18:45–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karoumi B, Ventre-Dominey J, Dalery J (1998) Predictive saccade behavior is enhanced in schizophrenia. Cognition 68:B81–B91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kathmann N, Hochrein A, Uwer R, Bondy B (2003) Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. Am J Psychiatry 160:696–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsanis J, Kortenkamp S, Iacono WG, Grove WM (1997) Antisaccade performance in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 106:468–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsanis J, Taylor J, Iacono WG, Hammer MA (2000) Heritability of different measures of smooth pursuit eye tracking dysfunction: a study of normal twins. Psychophysiology 37:724–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keating EG (1991) Frontal eye field lesions impair predictive and visually-guided pursuit eye movements. Exp Brain Res 86:311–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keating EG (1993) Lesions of the frontal eye field impair pursuit eye movements, but preserve the predictions driving them. Behav Brain Res 53:91–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keedy SK, Ebens CL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2006) Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of eye movements in first episode schizophrenia: smooth pursuit, visually guided saccades and the oculomotor delayed response task. Psychiatry Res 146:199–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keefe R, Silverman J, Mohs R, Siever L, Harvey P, Friedman L, Roitman S, DuPre R, Smith C, Schmeider J, Davis K (1997) Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:169–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kéri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z (2004) Vernier threshold in patients with schizophrenia and in their unaffected siblings. Neuropsychology 18:537–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim D, Wylie G, Pasternak R, Butler PD, Javitt DC (2006) Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 82:1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komatsu H, Wurtz RH (1989) Modulation of pursuit eye movements by stimulation of cortical areas MT and MST. J Neurophysiol 62:31–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauzlis RJ, Lisberger SG (1994) Temporal properties of visual motion signals for the initiation of smooth-pursuit eye-movements in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 72:150–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs MO, Gut-Fayand A, Amado I, Daban C, Bourdel M, Poirier MF, Berthoz A (2001) Impairment of predictive saccades in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 12:465–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumra S, Sporn A, Hommer DW, Nicolson R, Thaker G, Israel E, Lenane M, Bedwell J, Jacobsen LK, Gochman P, Rapoport JL (2001) Smooth pursuit eye-tracking impairment in childhood-onset psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158:1291–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lander E (1988) Splitting schizophrenia. Nature 336:105–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrison AL, Ferrante CF, Briand KA, Sereno AB (2000) Schizotypal traits, attention and eye movements. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 24:357–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrison AL, Briand KA, Sereno AB (2004) Nicotine improves antisaccade task performance without affecting prosaccades. Hum Psychopharmacol 19:409–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrison-Faucher A, Briand KA, Sereno AB (2002) Delayed onset of inhibition of return in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26:505–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latham C, Holzman PS, Manschrek TC, Tole J (1981) Optokinetic nystagmus and pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:997–1003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh RJ, Zee DS (2006) The neurology of eye movements. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekwuwa GU, Barnes GR (1996) Cerebral control of eye movements: the relationship between cerebral lesions sites and smooth pursuit deficits. Brain 119:473–490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lencer R, Trillenberg P, Trillenberg-Krecker K, Junghanns K, Kordon A, Broocks A, Hohagen F, Heide W, Arolt V (2004) Smooth pursuit deficits in schizophrenia, affective disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 34:451–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lencer R, Nagel M, Sprenger A, Heide W, Binkofski F (2005) Reduced neuronal activity in the V5 complex underlies smooth-pursuit deficit in schizophrenia: evidence from an fMRI study. Neuroimage 24:1256–1259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MSH, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2008) Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:1146–1154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenzenweger MF, O’Driscoll GA (2006) Smooth pursuit eye movement and schizotypy in the community. J Abnorm Psychol 115:779–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeVasseur AL, Flanagan JR, Riopelle RJ, Munoz DP (2001) Control of volitional and reflexive saccades in Tourette’s syndrome. Brain 124:2045–2058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin S (1984) Frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. I. Eye movement impairments. J Psychiatr Res 18:27–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin S, Jones A, Stark L, Merrin EL, Holzman PS (1982) Saccadic eye movements of schizophrenic patients measured by reflected light technique. Biol Psychiatry 17:1277–1287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DL, Holzman PS, Proctor LR (1978) Vestibular responses in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:972–981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DL, Holzman PS, Proctor LR (1983) Vestibular dysfunction and psychopathology. Schizophr Bull 9:383–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DL, Holzman PS, Matthysse S, Mendell NR (1993) Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophr Bull 19:461–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DL, Lajonchere CM, Dorogusker B, Min D, Lee S, Tartaglini A, Lieberman JA, Mendell NR (2000) Quantitative characterization of eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 42:171–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy DL, O’Driscoll G, Cook SR, Matthysse S, Holzman PS, Mendell NR (2004) Antisaccade performance in biological relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 71:113–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li CR (2002) Impaired detection of visual motion in schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26:929–934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton RB, Levin S, Holzman PS (1980) Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex and the functional psychoses. Psychiatr Res 3:193–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisberger SG, Westbrook LE (1985) Properties of visual inputs that initiate horizontal smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys. J Neurosci 5:1662–1673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisberger SG, Morris EJ, Tyschen L (1987) Visual motion processing and sensory-motor integration for smooth pursuit eye movements. Annu Rev Neurosci 10:97–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacAvoy MG, Gottlieb JP, Bruce CJ (1991) Smooth pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field. Cereb Cortex 1:95–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez A, Hillyard SA, Dias EC, Hagler DJ Jr, Butler PD, Guilfoyle DN, Jalbrzikowski M, Silipo G, Javitt DC (2008) Magnocellular pathway impairment in schizophrenia: evidence from functional magnetic resonance. J Neurosci 28:7492–7500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maruff P, Danckert J, Pantelis C, Currie J (1998) Saccadic and attentional abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 28:1091–1100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthysse S, Holzman PS (1987) Genetic latent structure models: implications for research on schizophrenia. Psychol Med 17:271–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthysse S, Parnas J (1992) Extending the phenotype of schizophrenia: implications for linkage analysis. J Psychiatr Res 26:329–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthysse S, Holzman PS, Gusella J, Levy DL, Harte C, Jorgensen A, Moller L, Parnas J (2004) Linkage of eye movement dysfunction to chromosome 6p in schizophrenia: A confirmation. Am J Hum Genet (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 128B:30–36

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell JE, Clementz BA (1996) Oculomotor delayed response task performance among schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychobiology 34:67–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell JE, Clementz BA (1997) The effect of fixation condition manipulations on antisaccade performance in schizophrenia: studies of diagnostic specificity. Exp Brain Res 115:333–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKee SP (1981) A local mechanism for differential velocity detection. Vision Res 21:491–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow MJ, Sharpe JA (1995) Deficits of smooth-pursuit eye movement after unilateral frontal lobe lesions. Ann Neurol 37:443–451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofsky SH, Lasker AG, Cutting LE, Denckla MB, Zee DS (2001) Oculomotor abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary study. Neurology 57:423–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller N, Riedel M, Eggert T, Straube A (1999) Internally and externally guided voluntary saccades in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenics. II. Saccadic latency, gain, and fixation suppression errors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249:7–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz DP, Armstrong IT, Hampton KA, Moore KD (2003) Altered control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurophysiol 90:503–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel M, Sprenger A, Nitschke M, Zapf S, Heide W, Binkofksi F, Lencer R (2007) Different extraretinal neuronal mechanisms of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 34:300–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama K, Tyler CW (1981) Psychophysical isolation of movement sensitivity by removal of familiar position cues. Vision Res 21:427–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome WT, Pare EB (1988) A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). J Neurosci 8:2201–2211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome WT, Wurtz RH, Dursteler MR, Mikami A (1985) Deficits in visual motion processing following ibotenic acid lesions of the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 5:825–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome WT, Wurtz RH, Komatsu H (1988) Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. II. Differentiation of retinal from extraretinal inputs. J Neurophysiol 60:604–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll G, Callahan BL (2008) Smooth pursuit in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review of research since 1993. Brain Cogn 68:359–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll G, Lenzenweger MF, Holzman PS (1998) Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye movements and schizotypy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:837–843

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll GA, Benkelfat C, Florencio PS, Wolff AL, Joober R, Lal S, Evans AC (1999) Neural correlates of eye tracking deficits in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients: a positron emission tomography study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1127–1134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll GA, Depatie L, Holahan ALV, Savion-Lemieux T, Barr RG, Jolicoeur C, Douglas VI (2005) Executive functions and methylphenidate response in subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1452–1460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orban de Xivry JJ, Missal M, Lefèvre P (2008) A dynamic representation of target motion drives predictive smooth pursuit during target blanking. J Vis 8(6):1–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallanti S, Grecu LM, Gangemi PF, Massi S, Parigi A, Arnetoli G, Quercioli L, Zaccara G (1996) Smooth-pursuit eye movement and saccadic intrusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 40:1164–1172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Zaccara G, Ramacciotti AB, Arnetoli G (1998) Eye movement abnormalities in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 78:59–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantle A (1978) Temporal frequency response characteristic of motion channels measured with three different psychophysical techniques. Percept Psychophys 24:285–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Holzman PS (1992) Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:975–982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Holzman PS, Lenzenweger MF (1995) Individual differences in spatial working memory in relation to schizotypy. J Abnorm Psychol 104:355–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak T, Merrigan WH (1994) Motion perception following lesions of the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey. Cereb Cortex 4:247–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plant GT, Nakayama K (1993) The characteristics of residual motion perception in the hemifield contralateral to lateral occipital lesions in humans. Brain 116:1337–1353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radant AD, Claypoole K, Wingerson DK, Cowley DS, Roy-Byrne P (1997) Relationship between neuropsychological and oculomotor measures in schizophrenia patients and normal controls. Biol Psychiatry 42:797–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radant A, Dobie DJ, Calkins ME, Olincy A, Braff DL, Cadenhead KS, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Light GA, Meichle SP, Mintz J, Nuechterlein KH, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Tsuang DW (2007) Successful multi-site measurement of antisaccade performance deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 89:320–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ram-Tsur R, Faust M, Caspi A, Gordon CR, Zivotofsky AZ (2006) Evidence for oculomotor deficits in developmental dyslexia: application of the double-step paradigm. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:4401–4409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rashbass C (1961) The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements. J Physiol 159:326–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashbass C, Russell GFM (1961) Action of a barbiturate drug (amylobarbitone sodium) on the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Brain 84:329–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivaud S, Muri RM, Gaymard B, Vermersch AI, Pierrot-Deseilligny C (1994) Eye movement disorders after frontal lobe lesions in humans. Exp Brain Res 102:110–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg DR, Dick EL, O’Hearn KM, Sweeney JA (1997) Response inhibition deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder: an indicator of dysfunction of frontostriatal circuits. J Psychiatry Neurosci 22:29–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RG, Hommer D, Breiger D, Varley C, Radant AD (1994) Eye movement task related to frontal lobe functioning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:869–874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross DE, Thaker GK, Holcomb HH, Cascella NG, Medoff DR, Tamminga CA (1995) Abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenic patients are associated with cerebral glucose metabolism in oculomotor regions. Psychiatry Res 58:53–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross DE, Thaker GK, Buchanan RW, Lahti AC, Medoff D, Bartko JJ, Moran M, Thaker GK (1996) Association of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements with the deficit syndrome in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 153:1158–1165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RG, Olincy A, Radant A (1999) Amplitude criteria and anticipatory saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 36:464–468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RG, Olincy A, Harris JG, Sullivan B, Radant A (2000) Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and attentional dysfunction: adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group. Biol Psychiatry 48:197–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, Hauser J (2001) Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene polymorphism is associated with the intensity of eye movement disturbances in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Mol Psychiatry 6:718–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rybakowski JK, Borkowska A, Czerski PM, Hauser J (2002) Eye movement disturbances in schizophrenia and a polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene. Psychiatry Res 113:49–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sailer U, Eggert T, Strassnig M, Reidel M, Straube A (2007) Predictive eye and hand movements are differentially affected by schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:413–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salzman CD, Murasugi CM, Britten KH, Newsome WT (1992) Microstimulation in visual area MT: effects on direction discrimination performance. J Neurosci 12:2331–2355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schalen L, Pyykko I, Korttila K, Magnusson M, Enbom H (1988) Effects of intravenously given barbiturate and diazepam on eye motor performance in man. Adv Otolaryngol 42:260–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlack A, Hoffmann KP, Bremmer F (2003) Selectivity of macaque ventral intraparietal area (area VIP) for smooth pursuit eye movements. J Physiology 551:551–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker R, Cohen R, Berg P, Hubman W, Mohr F, Watzl H, Werther P (1994) Smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia: the role of attention and general psychomotor dysfunctions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 244:153–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz BD, McGinn T, Winstead DK (1987) Disordered spatiotemporal processing in schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 22:688–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sereno AB, Holzman PS (1995) Antisaccades and smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 37:394–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sereno AB, Babin SL, Hood AJ, Jeter CB (2009) Executive functions: eye movements and neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Squire LR (ed) Encyclopedia of neuroscience, vol 4, pp 117–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe JA, Morrow MJ (1991) Cerebral hemispheric smooth pursuit disorders. Acta Neurol Belg 91:81–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr JD, Myers CS, Avila MT, Elliott A, Blaxton TA, Thaker GK (2002) The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 52:721–728

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi DX, Friedman PR, Bruce CJ (1998) Deficits in smooth pursuit eye movements after muscimol inactivation within the primate’s frontal eye field. Neurophysiology 80:458–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skottun BC, Skoyles JR (2007) Contrast sensitivity and magnocellular function in schizophrenia. Vision Res 47:2923–2933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slaghius WL (1998) Contrast sensitivity for stationary and drifting frequency gratings in positive- and negative-symptom schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 107:49–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaghuis WL, Bowling AC, French RV (2005) Smooth pursuit eye movement and direction motion contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 166:89–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slaghuis WL, Hawkes A, Holthouse T, Bruno R (2007a) Eye movement and visual motion perception in schizophrenia I: apparent motion evoked smooth pursuit eye movement reveals a hidden dysfunction in smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 182:399–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slaghuis WL, Holthouse T, Hawkes A, Bruno R (2007b) Eye movement and visual motion perception in schizophrenia II: global coherent motion as a function of target velocity and stimulus density. Exp Brain Res 182:415–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyrnis N, Kattoulas E, Evdokomidis I, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Pantes G, Theleritis C, Stefanis CN (2004) Active fixation performance in 940 young men: effects of IQ, schizotypy, anxiety and depression. Exp Brain Res 156:1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler D, Trillenberg P, Sprenger A, Nagel M, Kordon A, Junhanns K, Heide W, Arolt V, Hohagen F, Lencer R (2006) Evidence from increased anticipation of predictive saccades for a dysfunction of front-striatal circuits in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 143:77–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens J (1974) Letter in response to eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 184:1201–1202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuve TA, Friedman L, Jesberger JA, Gilmore GC, Strauss ME, Meltzer HY (1997) The relationship between smooth pursuit performance, motion perception and sustained visual attention in patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. Psychol Med 27:143–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney JA, Luna B, Srinivasagam NM, Keshavan MS, Schooler NR, Haas GL, Carl JR (1998a) Eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence for dysfunction in the frontal eye fields. Biol Psychiatry 44:698–708

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney JA, Strojwas MH, Mann JJ, Thase ME (1998b) Prefrontal and cerebellar abnormalities in major depression: evidence from oculomotor studies. Biol Psychiatry 43:584–594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney JA, Luna B, Haas GL, Keshavan MS, Mann JJ, Thase ME (1999) Pursuit tracking impairments in schizophrenia and mood disorders: step-ramp studies with unmedicated patients. Biol Psychiatry 46:671–680

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney JA, Levy DL, Harris MSH (2002) Eye movement research with clinical populations. In: Hyona J, Munoz DP, Heide W, Radach R (eds) Progress in brain research. Brain’s eyes: neurobiological and clinical aspects of oculomotor research, vol 140. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 507–522

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe JL, Tregellas JR, Martin LF, Freedman R (2006) Effects of nicotine on hippocampal and cingulate activity during smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 59:754–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Fukushima K (1998) Neuronal responses related to smooth pursuit eye movements in the periarcuate cortical area of monkeys. J Neurophysiol 80:28–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Lisberger SG (2001) Regulation of the gain of visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements by frontal cortex. Nature 409:191–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Lisberger SG (2002a) Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. II. Relation to vector averaging pursuit. J Neurophysiol 87:2700–2714

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Lisberger SG (2002b) Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. I. Basic response properties to retinal image motion and position. J Neurophsyiol 87:2684–2699

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka M, Lisberger SG (2002c) Enhancement of multiple components of pursuit eye movement by microstimulation in the arcuate frontal pursuit area in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 87:802–818

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tehovnik EJ, Sommer MA, Chou IH, Slocum WM, Schiller PH (2000) Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 32:413–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Nguyen JA, Tamminga CA (1989) Increased saccadic distractibility in tardive dyskinesia: functional evidence for subcortical GABA dysfunction. Biol Psychiatry 25:49–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker G, Cassady S, Adami H, Moran M, Ross D (1996a) Eye movements in spectrum personality disorders: comparison of community subjects and relatives of schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 153:362–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Ross DE, Buchanan RW, Moran M, Lahti AC, Kim CE (1996b) Does pursuit abnormality in schizophrenia represent a deficit in the predictive mechanism? Psychiatry Res 59:221–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Ross DE, Cassady SL, Adami HM, LaPorte D, Medoff DR, Lahti AC (1998) Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:830–836

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Ross DE, Buchanan RW, Adami HM, Medoff DR (1999) Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 88:209–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Avila MT, Hong LE, Medoff DR, Ross DE, Adami HM (2003) A model of smooth pursuit eye movement deficit associated with the schizophrenia phenotype. Psychophysiology 40:277–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker GK, Wonodi I, Avila MT, Hong LE, Stine OC (2004) Catechol O-methyltransferase polymorphism and eye tracking in schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 161:2320–2322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thier P, Erickson RG (1992) Responses of visual tracking neurons from cortical area MST-l to visual, eye and head motion. Eur J Neurosci 4:539–553

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thier P, Ilg UJ (2005) The neural basis of smooth-pursuit eye movements. Curr Opin Neurobiol 15:645–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurston SE, Leigh RJ, Crawford TJ, Thompson A, Kennard C (1988) Two distinct deficits of visual tracking caused by unilateral lesions of cerebral cortex in humans. Ann Neurol 23:266–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tregellas JR, Tanabe JL, Miller DE, Ross RG, Olincy A, Freedman R (2004) Neurobiology of smooth pursuit eye movement deficits in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Am J Psychiatry 161:315–321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trillenberg P, Heide W, Junghanns B, Blankenburg M, Arolt V, Kompf D (1998) Target anticipation and impairment of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 120:316–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR (1983) Hierarchical organization and the functional streams in the visual system. Trends Neurosci 6:370–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg AV (1988) Human smooth pursuit during transient perturbations of predictable and unpredictable target movement. Exp Brain Res 72:95–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren S, Ross RG (1998) Deficient cancellation of the vestibular ocular reflex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 34:187–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim AH, Van Gelder P, Peselow LE, Cohen N (1985) High thresholds for movement perception in schizophrenia may indicate abnormal extraneous noise levels of central vestibular activity. Biol Psychiatry 20:1197–1210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HR (1938) Ocular pursuit in normal and psychopathological subjects. J Exp Psychol 22:17–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winograd-Gurvich C, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Fitzgerald PB, Millist L, White OB (2006) Oculomotor differences between melancholic and non-melancholic depression. J Affect Disord 93:193–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtz RH, Komatsu H, Yamasaki DSG, Dursteler MR (1990) Cortical visual processing for oculomotor control. In: Cohen B, Bodis-Wollner I (eds) Vision and brain. Raven Press, New York, pp 211–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Q, Barborica A, Ferrera VP (2003) Modulation of visual responses in macaque frontal eye field during covert tracking of invisible targets. Cereb Cortex 17:918–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yee R, Baloh R, Marder S, Levy DL, Sakala S, Honrubia V (1987) Eye movements in schizophrenia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28:366–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeki SM (1974) Functional organization of a visual area in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey. J Physiol 236:549–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by NIMH grants R01 MH071523 and MH31340, the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation, the Essel Foundation, the National Association for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), an Essel Investigator NARSAD and NSF grant 0924636, a grant from the Canadian Institute of Health Research, a William Dawson Scholar Award, and a Stairs Memorial Foundation grant. The authors thank Dr. Larry Abel for making the original material for Fig. 2 available for adaptation and Joshua Ritz for formatting the figures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA

    Deborah L. Levy

  2. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Anne B. Sereno

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Diane C. Gooding

  4. Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Gilllian A. O’Driscoll

Authors
  1. Deborah L. Levy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anne B. Sereno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diane C. Gooding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gilllian A. O’Driscoll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deborah L. Levy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. of Psychiatry - MC 0804, University of San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093, USA

    Neal R. Swerdlow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levy, D.L., Sereno, A.B., Gooding, D.C., O’Driscoll, G.A. (2010). Eye Tracking Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Characterization and Pathophysiology. In: Swerdlow, N. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_60

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation