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Slits and Their Receptors

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Book cover Axon Growth and Guidance

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 621))

Abstract

Slit was identified in Drosophila embryo as a gene involved in the patterning of larval cuticle 1. It was later shown that Slit is synthesized in the fly central nervous system by midline glia cells 2–5. Slit homologues have since been found in C. elegans 6 and many vertebrate species, from amphibians, 7 fishes, 8 birds 9–11 to mammals 7 12–14. A single slit was isolated in invertebrates, whereas there are three slit genes (slit1–slit3) in mammals, that have around 60% homology 12. All encodes large ECM glycoproteins of about 200 kDa 15, 16 (Fig. 1A), comprising, from their N terminus to their C terminus, a long stretch of four leucine rich repeats (LRR) connected by disulphide bonds, seven to nine EGF repeats, a domain, named ALPS (Agrin, Perlecan, Laminin, Slit) or laminin G-like module (see ref. 17), and a cystein knot (Fig. 1A). Alternative spliced transcripts have been reported for Drosophila Slit 2, human Slit2 and Slit3, 14 and Slit1 18, 19. Moreover, two Slit1 isoforms exist in zebrafish as a consequence of gene duplication 20. Last, in mammals, two Slit2 isoforms can be purified from brain extracts, a long 200 kDa one 15, 16 and a shorter 150 kDa form (Slit2-N) that was shown to result from the proteolytic processing of full-length Slit2 21. Human Slit1 and Slit3 and Drosophila Slit are also cleaved by an unknown protease in a large N-terminal fragment and a shorter C-terminal fragment, suggesting conserved mechanisms for Slit cleavage across species 12, 21–23.

Moreover, Slit fragments have different cell association characteristics in cell culture suggesting that they may also have different extents of diffusion, different binding properties, and, hence, different functional activities in vivo. This conclusion is supported by in vitro data showing that full-length Slit2 functions as an antagonist of Slit2-N in the DRG branching assay, and that Slit2-N, not full-length Slit2, causes collapse of OB growth cones 24. In addition, Slit1-N and full-length Slit1 can induce branching of cortical neurons (see below), but only full-length Slit1 repels cortical axons 23.

Structure-function analysis in vertebrates and Drosophila demonstrated that the LRRs of Slits are required and sufficient to mediate their repulsive activities in neurons 24–26. More recent detailed structure function analysis of the LRR domains of Drosophila Slit, 27 revealed that the active site of Slit (at least regarding its pro-angiogenic activity) is located on the second of the fourth LRR (LRR2), which is highly conserved between Slits. Slit can also dimerize through the LRR4 domain and the cystein knot 18. However, a Slit1 spliced-variant that lacks the cysteine knot and does not dimerize is still able to repel OB axons 18.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS UMR 7102, Université Paris 6, Bâtiment B, pièce 611, Case 12,9 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005, Paris, France

    Alain Chédotal

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  1. Alain Chédotal
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  1. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie du Developpement et de la Regeneration (LNDR), Centre de Neurochimie de CNRS, Strasbourg, France

    Dominique Bagnard Ph.D.

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Chédotal, A. (2007). Slits and Their Receptors. In: Bagnard, D. (eds) Axon Growth and Guidance. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 621. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76715-4_5

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