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NeuroAIDS

Characteristics and Diagnosis of the Neurological Complications of AIDS

  • Neurological Disorders
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Abstract

The neurological complications of AIDS (NeuroAIDS) include neurocognitive impairment and HIV-associated dementia (HAD; also known as AIDS dementia and HIV encephalopathy). HAD is the most significant and devastating central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with HIV infection. Despite recent advances in our knowledge of the clinical features, pathogenesis, and neurobiological aspects of HAD, it remains a formidable scientific and therapeutic challenge. An understanding of the mechanisms of HIV neuroinvasion, CNS proliferation, and HAD pathogenesis provide a basis for the interpretation of the diagnostic features of HAD and its milder form, HIV-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder (MCMD). Current diagnostic strategies are associated with significant limitations, but it is hoped that the use of biomarkers may assist researchers and clinicians in predicting the onset of the disease process and in evaluating the effects of new therapies.

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Notes

  1. The ‘snout reflex’ is a primitive reflex exhibited in normal infants but not in neurologically intact adults; it involves the involuntary puckering of the lips when the nasal philtrum (upper lip) is gently tapped. After frontal lobe injury the snout reflex is ‘released’ from its normal inhibition as a ‘frontal release sign’.

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported by grants to Dr Shapshak (NIH grants DA 14533, DA 12580, and GM 056529), Drs Commins and Singer (NIH grant NS 38841), and Dr Chiappelli (NIH grant DA 07683).

The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA

    Alireza Minagar & Romy Hoque

  2. Department of Pathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Deborah Commins

  3. National Neurological AIDS Bank, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Deborah Commins & Elyse J. Singer

  4. Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA

    J. Steven Alexander

  5. Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Francesco Chiappelli

  6. Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Elyse J. Singer

  7. Department of Immunology, Tehran University, Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Behrooz Nikbin

  8. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, 3515 East Fletcher Avenue (MDT14), Room 333, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA

    Paul Shapshak

  9. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Paul Shapshak

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Correspondence to Paul Shapshak.

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Minagar, A., Commins, D., Alexander, J.S. et al. NeuroAIDS. Mol Diag Ther 12, 25–43 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03256266

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