Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Amyloid or tau: the chicken or the egg?

  • Correspondence
  • Published:
Acta Neuropathologica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82:239–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Braak H, Del Tredici K (2011) The pathological process underlying Alzheimer’s disease in individuals under thirty. Acta Neuropathol 121:171–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Braak H, Del Tredici K (2013) Amyloid-β may be released from non-junctional varicosities of axons generated from abnormal tau-containing brainstem nuclei in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: a hypothesis. Acta Neuropathol 126:303–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Schultz C, Thal DR, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur RN, Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Braak H, Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Del Tredici K (2011) Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70:960–969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brettschneider J, Del Tredici K, Toledo JB, Robinson JL, Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Wood EM, Baek Y, Kwong L, Lee EB, Elman L, McCluskey L, Fang L, Feldengut S, Ludolph AC, Lee VM, Braak H, Trojanowski JQ (2013) Stages of pTDP-43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. doi:10.1002/ana.23937

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Busch C, Bohl J, Ohm TG (1997) Spatial, temporal and numeric analysis of Alzheimer changes in the nucleus coeruleus. Neurobiol Ageing 18:401–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Eckenstein F, Baughmann RW (1984) Two types of cholinergic innervations in cortex, one colocalised to vasoactive intestinal peptide. Nature 209:153–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Edvinsson L, Deguerce A, Duverge D, Mackenzie ET, Scatton B (1983) Central serotonergic nerves project to pial vessels of the brain. Nature 306:85–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Estrada C, Hamel E, Krause DN (1983) Biochemical evidence for a cholinergic innervation of intracerebral blood vessels. Brain Res 266:261–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Elobeid A, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I (2012) Hyperphosphorylated tau in young and middle-aged subjects. Acta Neuropathol 123:97–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. German DC, Manaye KF, White CL, Woodward DJ, McIntire DD, Smith WK, Kalaria RN, Mann DMA (1992) Disease specific patterns of locus caeruleus cell loss: Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome. Ann Neurol 32:667–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Grinberg LT, Rüb U, Ferretti REL, Nitrini R, Farfel JM, Polichiso L, Gierga K, Jacob-Filho W, Heinsen H, Brazilian Brain Bank Study Group (2009) The dorsal raphe nucleus shows phospho-tau neurofibrillary changes before the transentorhinal region in Alzheimer’s disease. A precocious onset? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 35:406–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hardy J, Allsop D (1991) Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Pharm Sci 12:383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hardy J, Selkoe DJ (2002) The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297:353–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hardy J, Mann DMA, Wester P, Winblad B (1986) An integrative hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Ageing 7:489–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Harik SI, McGunigal T (1984) The protective influence of the locus caeruleus on blood–brain barrier function. Ann Neurol 15:568–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hutton M, Lendon CL, Rizzu P, Baker M, Froelich S, Houlden M, Pickering-Brown SM, Chakraverty S, Isaacs A, Grover A, Hackett J, Adamson J, Lincoln S, Dickson D, Davies P, Petersen RC, Stevens M, de Graaf E, Wauters E, van Baren J, Hillebrand M, Joosse M, Kwon JM, Nowotny P, Che LK, Norton J, Morris JC, Reed LA, Trojanowski JQ, Basun H, Lannfelt L, Neystat M, Fahn S, Dark F, Tannenberg T, Dodd P, Hayward N, Kwok JBJ, Schofield PR, Andreadis A, Snowden J, Craufurd D, Neary D, Owen F, Oostra BA, Hardy J, Goate A, van Swieten J, Mann DM, Lynch T, Heutink P (1998) Coding and splice donor site mutations in tau cause autosomal dominant dementia (FTDP-17). Nature 393:702–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hyman BT, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio AR, Barnes CL (1984) Alzheimer’s disease: cell specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science 225:1168–1170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hyman BT, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Carrillo MC, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Thies B, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Montine TJ (2012) National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 8:1–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lewis J, Dickson DW, Lin WL, Chisholm L, Corral A, Jones G, Yen SH, Sahara N, Skipper L, Yager D, Eckman C, Hardy J, Hutton M, McGowan E (2001) Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science 293:1487–1491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mann DMA (1983) The locus caeruleus and its possible role in aging and degenerative disease of the human central nervous system. Mech Ageing Dev 23:73–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mann DMA (1988) The pathological association between Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Mech Ageing Dev 43:99–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mann DMA, Esiri MM (1988) The site of the earliest lesions of Alzheimer’s disease. New Eng J Med 318:789–790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mann DMA, Esiri MM (1989) Regional acquisition of plaques and tangles in Down’s syndrome patients under 50 years of age. J Neurol Sci 89:169–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mann DMA, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B (1984) Alzheimer’s presenile dementia, senile dementia of Alzheimer type and Down’s syndrome in middle age form an age related continuum of pathological changes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 10:185–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mann DMA, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B (1985) Some morphometric observations on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in presenile Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia of Alzheimer type and Down’s syndrome in middle age. J Neurol Sci 69:139–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mann DMA, Jones D, Prinja D, Purkiss M (1990) The prevalence of amyloid (A4) protein deposits within the cerebral and cerebellar cortex in Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 80:318–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mann DMA, McDonagh AM, Pickering-Brown SM, Kowa H, Iwatsubo T (2001) Amyloid β protein deposition in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration: relationship to age and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurosci Lett 304:161–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mann DMA, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B, Ravindra CR (1987) Loss of nerve cells from cortical and subcortical areas in Down’s syndrome patients at middle age: quantitative comparisons with younger Down’s patients and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 80:79–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mann DMA, Younis N, Jones D, Stoddart RW (1992) The time course of pathological events concerned with plaque formation in Down’s syndrome with particular reference to the involvement of microglial cells. Neurodegeneration 1:201–215

    Google Scholar 

  32. Marcyniuk B, Mann DMA, Yates PO (1986) The topography of cell loss from locus caeruleus in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 76:335–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Marcyniuk B, Mann DMA, Yates PO (1988) Topography of nerve cell loss from the locus caeruleus in middle aged persons with Down’s syndrome. J Neurol Sci 83:15–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Masuda-Suzukake M, Nonaka T, Hosokawa M, Oikawa T, Arai T, Akiyama H, Mann D, Hasegawa M (2013) Prion-like spreading of pathological alpha-synuclein in brain. Brain 136:1128–1138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Hyman BT (2012) National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol 123:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nonaka T, Masuda-Suzukake M, Arai T, Hasegawa Y, Akatsu H, Obi T, Yoshida M, Murayama S, Mann DMA, Akiyama H, Hasegawa M (2013) Prion-like properties of pathological TDP-43 aggregates from diseased brains. Cell Rep 4:124–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rossor MN (1981) Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease as disorders of the isodendritic core. BMJ 283:1588–1590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Simic G, Stanic G, Mladinov M, Jovanov-Milosevic N, Kostovic I, Hof PR (2009) Does Alzheimer’s disease begin in the brainstem? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 35:532–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Thal DR, Rüb U, Orantes M, Braak H (2002) Phases of Aβ-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 58:1791–1800

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Thal DR, Rüb U, Schultz C, Sassin I, Ghebremedhin E, Del Tredici K, Braak E, Braak H (2000) Sequence of Aβ-protein deposition in the human medial temporal lobe. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:733–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, University of Manchester, Salford, M6 8HD, UK

    David M. A. Mann

  2. Reta Lilla Weston Laboratories, Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neurodegeneration, Dementia Research Centre, London, WC1N 3BG, UK

    John Hardy

Authors
  1. David M. A. Mann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John Hardy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David M. A. Mann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mann, D.M.A., Hardy, J. Amyloid or tau: the chicken or the egg?. Acta Neuropathol 126, 609–613 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1162-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1162-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation