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Altered structural networks and executive deficits in traumatic brain injury patients

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Abstract

Recent research on traumatic brain injury (TBI) has shown that impairments in cognitive and executive control functions are accompanied by a disrupted neural connectivity characterized by white matter damage. We constructed binary and weighted brain structural networks in 21 patients with chronic TBI and 17 healthy young adults utilizing diffusion tensor tractography and calculated topological properties of the networks using a graph theoretical method. Executive function was assessed with the local global task and the trail making task, requiring inhibition, updating, and switching. The results revealed that TBI patients were less successful than controls on the executive tasks, as shown by the higher reaction times, higher switch costs, and lower accuracy rates. Moreover, both TBI patients and controls exhibited a small world topology in their white matter networks. More importantly, the TBI patients demonstrated increased shortest path length and decreased global efficiency of the structural network. These findings suggest that TBI patients have a weaker globally integrated structural brain network, resulting in a limited capacity to integrate information across brain regions. Furthermore, we showed that the white matter networks of both groups contained highly connected hub regions that were predominately located in the parietal cortex, frontal cortex, and basal ganglia. Finally, we showed significant correlations between switching performance and network property metrics within the TBI group. Specifically, lower scores on the switching tasks corresponded to a lower global efficiency. We conclude that analyzing the structural brain network connectivity provides new insights into understanding cognitive control changes following brain injury.

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Abbreviations

DAI:

Diffuse axonal injury

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

FA:

Fractional anisotropy

LGL:

Local global task

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TMT:

Trail making task

WM:

White matter

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the Research Programme of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) (G.0482.010 and G.A114.11) and Grant P6/29 from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles program of the Belgian federal government. Caeyenberghs K. is funded by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    K. Caeyenberghs, I. Leunissen, J. Gooijers & S. P. Swinnen

  2. Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    A. Leemans

  3. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, Leuven Campus Pellenberg, Leuven, Belgium

    K. Michiels

  4. Radiology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    S. Sunaert

  5. Department of Physical Therapy and Motor Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Gent, Belgium

    K. Caeyenberghs

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  1. K. Caeyenberghs
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Correspondence to K. Caeyenberghs.

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Caeyenberghs, K., Leemans, A., Leunissen, I. et al. Altered structural networks and executive deficits in traumatic brain injury patients. Brain Struct Funct 219, 193–209 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0494-2

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