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Time and direction preparation of the long latency stretch reflex
2016, Human Movement ScienceCitation Excerpt :In these studies, monkeys were instructed “push” or “pull” against force load before onset of force load, and motor cortical activity was modulated according to the direction of motor response instructed in advance. The modulation occurred not only 200 ms after the instruction but also 20 ms after force load onset (Evarts & Tanji, 1974). According to these findings by Evarts and Tanji, the motor cortex processes direction preparation of motor response to force load both before and after force load.
Movement: How the Brain Communicates with the World
2016, CellCitation Excerpt :The idea of “motor set” experiments in the mid-70s and early 80s was to separate a volitional component of the task (instruction) from that which was more related to the mechanics of the movement (reflex). This logic was followed in experiments (Evarts and Tanji, 1974) in which monkeys were trained to move to a target in response to a rapid displacement (“go” signal) of the handle they were holding. A target light served as the instruction and indicated which of two directions to move before the go signal.
Corticospinal control strategies underlying voluntary and involuntary wrist movements
2013, Behavioural Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :The existing data are not sufficient to answer this question. One can argue that long-loop, transcortical reflexes [25–30] evoked by unloading could alter corticospinal influences when the wrist position changes due to unloading. This would imply that a different area of the brain is responsible for maintaining the same R value at pre- and post-unloading positions.
The benefit of knowledge: postural response modulation by foreknowledge of equilibrium perturbation in an upper limb task
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