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Inflammation and activity augment brain-derived neurotrophic factor peripheral release
2016, NeuroscienceCitation Excerpt :BDNF release is often accompanied by other neurotransmitters including glutamate, substance P (SP), somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), etc. in facilitation of spinal cord plasticity (Tonra et al., 1998; Lever et al., 2001; Luo et al., 2001; Ng et al., 2007; Ha et al., 2008). Peripheral release of CGRP and SP has been reported (White and Helme, 1985; Kilo et al., 1997). However, little information is known about peripheral release of BDNF.
Neurogenic Mechanisms in Arthritis
2009, NeuroImmune BiologyCitation Excerpt :These findings indicate that bilateral alteration in spinal and primary afferent neuronal phenotype is accompanied by bilateral activation of primary afferent neurons and the generation of antidromic activity that may initiate or contribute to the remote inflammatory effects seen in clinical and experimental arthritis and inflammation. Significant spontaneous antidromic activity is seen in homologous contralateral afferents at a frequency known to result in neuropeptide release [139] and it is therefore likely that this neuronal activity contributes to the sustained neurogenic inflammation seen in experimental models. Indeed, very early in the process of arthritis when a single joint is inflamed but there are no obvious signs of remote joint disease, but when spontaneous and evoked DRRs can be recorded, the vasculature in the contralateral joint is more permeable to albumin-bound Evans blue [137].
AM404, an anandamide transport inhibitor, reduces plasma extravasation in a model of neuropathic pain in rat: Role for cannabinoid receptors
2008, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Moreover, AM404 acts at sites other than the endocannabinoid system, including transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), calcium and sodium channels (Zygmunt et al., 2000; Nicholson et al., 2003; Kelley and Thayer, 2004). Small-diameter primary afferent fibres not only transmit nociceptive messages to central neurons, but are also involved in inflammatory response, such as peripheral neurogenic inflammation (White and Helme, 1985). Following noxious stimulation, these fibres release substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), related to oedema and plasma leakage (Basile et al., 1993).
Paracrine-like excitation of low-threshold mechanoceptive C-fibers innervating rat hairy skin is mediated by substance P via NK-1 receptors
2008, Brain Research BulletinCitation Excerpt :Some neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), are richly distributed in thinly myelinated and unmyelinated primary afferents (Aδ- and C-fibers, respectively) [25]. When released from peripheral terminals following antidromic electrical stimulation [45], noxious stimulation [17] or some chemical stimulants [42], these neuropeptides, especially SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), diffuse through the surrounding tissues and contribute to the occurrence of neurogenic inflammation [20,29], and the sensitization of sensory receptors, producing ‘allodynia’ and ‘primary hyperalgesia’ [18–20,28]. Through this mechanism, nociceptive afferent nerve fibers carry out efferent functions that affect targets carrying receptors for these neuropeptides in the periphery.