Qualitative and quantitative differences in the operant runway behavior of rats working for cocaine and heroin reinforcement
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2013, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :One possibility (Katz, 1989; Lynch and Carroll, 2001; Pickens and Thompson, 1968; Rose and Corrigall, 1997; Wilson et al., 1971) is that the titration range is determined by an upper aversive boundary, such that animals maintain brain levels below some ceiling to avoid punishing effects. This hypothesis is certainly plausible given findings that cocaine can produce avoidance behavior (DeVries and Pert, 1998; Ettenberg and Geist, 1991, 1993) as well as conditioned taste aversions (Booth et al., 1977; Goudie et al., 1978) suggesting it has anxiogenic properties. If aversive properties were primarily responsible for the regularity of responding then it would be predicted that rats should choose a frequent small dose over a larger one (Ranaldi et al., 1999).