Microglia in the immune surveillance of the brain: Human microglia constitutively express HLA-DR molecules
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2022, Journal of Neuroscience MethodsCitation Excerpt :Microglia and astrocytes respond to injury by changes to gene transcription, protein expression and correlated changes in cellular morphology and functions. Microglia, the CNS primary phagocytic cells that are derived from hematopoietic origins early in development (Ginhoux et al., 2013), quickly respond to injury and infections in the CNS while also maintaining homeostasis by monitoring brain function and tissue integrity (Gehrmann et al., 1993; Yin et al., 2017). These highly dynamic cells use their processes to move throughout the CNS and remove cellular debris and/or secrete inflammatory proteins (A et al., 2005).
Alterations in anterior cingulate cortex myoinositol and aggression in veterans with suicidal behavior: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
2018, Psychiatry Research - NeuroimagingCitation Excerpt :Relevant to this observation, two recent reports have shown an association between microgliosis and SB (Holmes et al., 2018; Steiner et al., 2008). Specifically, Steiner et al. (2008) showed significant microgliosis in the DLPFC, ACC and mediodorsal thalamus of individuals who died by suicide, using immunostaining for the HLA-DR antigen, which is up-regulated in activated microglia as compared to constitutive levels of expression found in human microglia (Gehrmann et al., 1993; Mattiace et al., 1990; Ulvestad et al., 1994). Moreover, this observation was independent of diagnosis of a psychiatric illness (Steiner et al., 2008).
Down syndrome individuals with Alzheimer's disease have a distinct neuroinflammatory phenotype compared to sporadic Alzheimer's disease
2015, Neurobiology of AgingCitation Excerpt :It is unclear why this is the case, however, the literature is unclear on what expression of HLA-DR represents. Clearly, HLA-DR expression is increased under proinflammatory conditions (Gehrmann et al., 1993; Schmitt et al., 2000), but also HLA-DR is increased under repair or healing conditions (Gordon and Taylor, 2005; Taylor et al., 2005). For these reasons, we examined expression levels of specific inflammatory markers that inform a phenotype of inflammation.
Characterization of Inflammatory Changes Associated with Canine Oligodendroglioma
2015, Journal of Comparative PathologyCitation Excerpt :In the current study, HLA-DR+ microglia displayed fewer ramified processes and increased amoeboid morphology when compared with the Iba-1+ microglia/macrophages. Although HLA-DR and Iba-1 are both microglial markers, the differential labelling patterns in the present study suggests that, similar to the variations seen in human microglial labelling patterns with HLA-DR, there are potentially different subsets of microglia present in the canine brain (Gehrmann et al., 1993). Alternatively, in switching to a more amoeboid phenotype, HLA-DR is upregulated and Iba-1 is downregulated.
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Present address: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.