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Intrinsic neuronal determinants of regeneration

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Abstract

Axon growth and axon regeneration are co-operative processes; the speed and extent of axon growth are influenced both by the properties of the environment surrounding the axon growth cone, and the properties of the neuron itself. In recent years, the environmental influences on axon growth have received most of the attention directed towards this area of research, but the properties of the neurons themselves are likely to be just as important. Within both adults and embryos there are differences in the growth potential of different neuronal types, and there is also evidence for an overall decrease in the vigour of axon growth with neuronal age.

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      Although the severed ends of most axons in the CNS reseal and begin to extend after transection, these extensions eventually adopt a ‘club-like’ morphology and cease regenerating (Cajal, 1991; Deumens et al., 2005; Norenberg et al., 2004; Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996). Factors that are intrinsic to adult CNS neurons, such as Ca2+ and cAMP signalling levels, are considered partly responsible for this phenomenon (Afshari et al., 2009; Cai et al., 2001; Fawcett, 1992; Giovanni, 2009; Goldberg et al., 2002; Plunet et al., 2002). Factors that are extrinsic to regenerating neurons (i.e. other constituents within the CNS environment) also play a role in limiting neuronal regeneration and sprouting.

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