The potential role for estrogen replacement therapy in the treatment of the cognitive decline and neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease
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Estrogen and Alzheimer's disease: Still an attractive topic despite disappointment from early clinical results
2017, European Journal of PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Estrogens’ neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders are well documented by decades of research activity in the field (Behl, 2002; Chen et al., 2006; Brann et al., 2007; Simpkins et al., 2009; Spence and Voskuhl, 2012; Chakrabarti et al., 2014; Depypere et al., 2016; Pike, 2017). Estrogen neuroprotective action has been shown for several major conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Simpkins et al., 1994; Henderson, 2006; Lan et al., 2015; Engler-Chiurazzi et al., 2016a), Parkinson's disease (Liu and Dluzen, 2007; Parkinson Study Group, 2011; Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2015; Litim et al., 2016), multiple sclerosis (Christianson et al., 2015; Benedek et al., 2016; Kipp et al., 2016), spinal cord injury (Elkabes and Nicot, 2014; Brotfain et al., 2016; Samantaray et al., 2016), ischemic stroke (B. Shao et al., 2012; Liu and Yang, 2013) and retinal degeneration (Cascio et al., 2015). For its burdensome impact on healthcare systems and the increasing incidence associated with longer life span and ageing of the world population, finding new therapeutic options for AD remains one of the major challenges in biomedical research (Mohamed et al., 2016).
Estrogen: A master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body
2014, Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Most studies also show that HT is associated with better cognitive function in nondemented older women (Duka et al., 2000; Jacobs et al., 1998; Kimura, 1995; Resnick et al., 1997; Robinson et al., 1994; Steffens et al., 1999), although one found no effect of HT on cognitive function (Barrett-Connor and Kritz-Silverstein, 1993). Multiple epidemiological studies – but not all - show that HT reduces the risk of AD, which researchers suggest may be due to delayed disease onset (Henderson et al., 1994; Kawas et al., 1997; Paganini-Hill and Henderson, 1996; Simpkins et al., 1994; Tang et al., 1996; Yaffe et al., 1998; Zandi et al., 2002). Results from several imaging studies support the idea that postmenopausal HT can modulate brain bioenergetics, likely leading to the maintenance of cognitive function and reduced risk of AD.
Estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in the cortex: Sex differences during development and in adulthood
2011, Hormones and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :In addition to its role in development, estradiol modulates numerous facets of brain function in the adult brain (for review see (McEwen and Alves, 1999) and (Simpkins and Singh, 2008)). Estradiol prevents neuronal cell death in a variety of brain injury models, modulates learning and memory and promotes the formation of synapses (Li et al., 2004; Sherwin, 1994; Simpkins et al., 1994; Wise et al., 2001; Woolley and McEwen, 1993). The physiological effects resulting from estradiol actions in target tissues are mediated primarily by two intracellular receptors, ERα and ERβ (Green et al., 1986; Koike et al., 1987; Kuiper et al., 1996; Mosselman et al., 1996; White et al., 1987).
Mitochondrial mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection
2010, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General SubjectsThe effect of hormone therapy on olfactory sensitivity is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype
2008, Hormones and Behavior