Mast cell–T cell interactions,☆☆

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70316-7Get rights and content

Abstract

In addition to being a major effector cell in the elicitation of allergic inflammation, mast cells have been found to be activated in various T cell–mediated inflammatory processes and to reside in close physical proximity to T cells. Such observations and the wide spectrum of mediators produced and secreted by mast cells have led investigators to propose a functional relationship between these 2 cell populations. Indeed, mast cell activation has been reported to induce T-cell migration either directly by the release of chemotactic factors, such as lymphotactin or IL-16, or indirectly by the induction of adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells. Mast cells are also able to present antigens to T cells, resulting in their activation in either an MHC class I– or class II–restricted and costimulatory molecule-dependent fashion. Adhesion molecule–dependent intercellular contact or MHC class II cognate interactions between T cells and mast cells result in the release of both granule-associated mediators and cytokines from the latter. Also, T cell–derived mediators, such as β-chemokines, directly induce mast cell degranulation. On the other hand, mast cell–derived cytokines, such as IL-4, have been found to polarize T cells to preferentially differentiate into the TH2 subset. Thus T cell-mast cell interactions are bidirectional, fulfilling regulatory and/or modulatory roles affecting various aspects of the immune response. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:517-23.)

Section snippets

MAST CELLS AND T-CELL RECRUITMENT

CD4+ T lymphocytes accumulate in tissues at sites of mast cell activation, where they are believed to play a critical role in the genesis of subsequent cellular events, such as those observed in the late-phase allergic response21 or in DTH responses.16, 17 Several lines of evidence clearly document the important contribution of these T lymphocytes in chronic asthma and atopic dermatitis. Studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or tissue biopsy specimens from asthmatic patients and studies with

MAST CELL–INDUCED T-CELL ACTIVATION

Mast cells secrete cytokines in response to both immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation. These include cytokines that influence both T-cell and B-cell development and function, including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-16, TNF-α, and certain chemokines.49 Both IL-16 and TNF-α can be released rapidly from preformed stores. With more prolonged kinetics, additional cytokines are produced from transcripts expressed in response to appropriate activation of the cell.38, 49 The

MAST CELL ACTIVATION BY T CELLS

Both T cell–derived cytokines and heterotypic adhesion involving direct contact between mast cells and T cells have been demonstrated to affect mast cell activation and mediator release. Cytokines influence mast cell degranulation by means of 2 different mechanisms. First, mediators, such as the β-chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α, may directly induce degranulation of mouse or rat mast cells in vitro or in vivo.4, 5, 17 Electron microscopic examination of skin injected with these 2 chemokines thus

MAST CELL EFFECT ON T-CELL POLARIZATION

In addition to being potent effector cells, recent data suggests that mast cells may have important regulatory functions in the immune system. Relevant to the allergic response, mast cells have been shown to induce IgE synthesis by B cells and to affect T-cell differentiation toward the TH2 phenotype. Human mast cells also express CD40 ligand. This ligand for CD40 on B cells is an important cell surface antigen expressed by T cells and critically involved in T-B cell interactions that lead to

Acknowledgements

We thank Dana Baram, MS, for helpful discussions and technical assistance.

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