Trends in Neurosciences
ReviewATP: an extracellular signaling molecule between neurons and glia
Section snippets
Glial receptors for the vesicular release of neurotransmitters
Astrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS surround synaptic junctions and help maintain the extracellular environment by providing physical integrity, and regulating the extracellular ion and neuro-transmitter concentration. Ca2+ imaging, molecular, and electrophysiological methods show that, under appropriate conditions, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), astrocytes and Schwann cells can detect the vesicular release of neurotransmitters. The stimulated glia can subsequently
Extrasynaptic neuron–glial signaling
Activity-dependent interactions between neurons and glia in extrasynaptic regions would encompass a large range of functions, including myelination and various glial functions unrelated to synaptic transmission (e.g. proliferation and differentiation). Time-lapse confocal microscopy has recently shown that Schwann cells in culture can respond to electrical stimulation of premyelinated DRG axons2 (Fig. 1). This is particularly interesting because these neurons lack synapses and nodes of Ranvier
ATP release in neurotrauma
Cellular damage can release large amounts of ATP into the extracellular environment because the internal concentration of ATP can be between 3–5 mm (Refs 29., 34.). Such ATP release might be important in triggering cellular responses to trauma and ischemia, by initiating and maintaining reactive astrogliosis, which involves striking changes in astrocyte proliferation and morphology54., 61.. Nucleosides and nucleotides that are released from dying cells also stimulate proliferation of microglia
Directions for future research
Research on the glial cell of the PNS has shown that extracellular ATP is an important molecule in activity-dependent signaling between neurons and glia at the synapse and in non-synaptic regions. Research on glia of the CNS has shown the importance of ATP in astrocyte–astrocyte signaling and of neural impulse activity in regulating glial functions by the vesicular release of neurotransmitters. A future research area will be to determine whether ATP might also mediate neuron–glial signaling in
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