Ultra-violet photoreceptors in the animal kingdom: their distribution and function

doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89179-X

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

Volume 10, Issue 11, November 1995, Pages 455-460

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89179-X Get rights and content

Abstract

Until very recently, the role of ultra-violet (UV) colour perception in vertebrate and invertebrate vision has largely been ignored. However, in the past few years, a host of detailed information has become available on the widespread distribution of UV receptors in different species — from insects to mammals — and the important functions they seem to play in navigation, foraging, intraspecies communication and the control of circadian rhythms.

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Although several explanations have been put forward with regards to the role of UV sensitive (S) opsins in the ventral retina [19, 56], there has been no consensus. A simple explanation is that by expressing two opsins, UV (S) and green (M) sensitive, the spectral range is extended, increasing visual sensitivity in the ventral retina [57]. Third, in half of the wild mice, we observed an organized mosaic of high-density cone clusters in the ventral retina (Figures 6B and S4B).
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This suggests that these species have visual sensitivity within the UVA range. Similarly, red-eared sliders, 2 gecko species, and several chameleon and anole species have UV receptors and, therefore, see within the UVA range.15,16 The anoles use this for intraspecific communication via dewlap recognition.12,17
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Field efficacy experiments should include: (1) application strategies that are specifically developed to protect agricultural crops from mammalian depredation; (2) independent field replicates with predicted rodent or rabbit damage; (3) varied application rates based upon species-specific threshold concentrations, including untreated controls; (4) pre- and at-harvest analytical chemistry; (5) crop damage measurements; and (6) crop yield measurements (Werner et al., 2011a). Unlike most tested birds (Aidala et al., 2012; Bennett and Cuthill, 1994; Cuthill et al., 2000), most tested mammals do not exhibit UV vision (Honkavaara et al., 2002; Hut et al., 2000; Jacobs, 1992; Jacobs and Yolton, 1971; Jacobs et al., 1991; Tovee, 1995). Anthraquinone-based repellents provide the negative postingestive consequences and a relevant UV feeding cue necessary to condition avoidance of UV-treated food (Werner et al., 2012, 2014a).
Effective chemical repellents and repellent application strategies are needed to manage damages caused by wild rodents and rabbits to agricultural resources. For the purpose of comparatively investigating the behavioral response of wild rodents and rabbits to a chemical repellent, we experimentally evaluated the concentration-response relationship of an anthraquinone-based repellent in California voles (Microtus californicus Peale), Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus audubonii Baird) in captivity. We observed 52–56% feeding repellency for whole oats treated with 10,800 ppm anthraquinone or 18,500 ppm anthraquinone in mice and squirrels, and 84–85% repellency for oats treated with 18,300 ppm anthraquinone or 19,600 ppm anthraquinone in voles and rabbits, respectively. In addition to providing the negative postingestive consequences necessary for conditioned food avoidance, the anthraquinone-based repellent also absorbs ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths that are visible to most wild birds. For the purpose of developing a repellent application strategy to modify the behavior of vertebrate pests, we therefore conducted a conditioned avoidance experiment by offering repellent- and UV-treated food to California voles in a subsequent behavioral assay. Relative to unconditioned test subjects (P = 0.3161), voles conditioned with the UV, postingestive repellent subsequently avoided whole oats treated only with an UV cue (P = 0.0109). These behavioral responses to anthraquinone-based repellents and UV feeding cues can be exploited as a repellent application strategy for wild mammals. We discuss potential applications of preplant seed treatments and surface treatments that include postingestive repellents and related visual cues for the protection of agricultural resources associated with mammalian depredation.
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Colourful male ornaments such as the bright plumage of birds or flashy wing patterns of butterflies serve to highlight the fitness of the bearer and are subject to sexual selection via female mate choice and/or direct male–male competition. Males of many species have markings that reflect ultraviolet (UV: wavelengths 280–400 nm). Recently, studies have focused on the role of either UVA (315–400 nm) or UVB reflectance (280–315 nm) in intraspecific communication, but the specific importance of UVA and UVB colours in sexual signalling remains unexplored. Here, we address this using Cosmophasis umbratica, a sexually dimorphic jumping spider species (Salticidae) in which males possess both UVA and UVB reflective patches. By conducting a series of female mate choice and male–male interaction trials with manipulated UVA and UVB coloration of males, we provide the first evidence that both UV components are prerequisites for intraspecific communication. Furthermore, UVA but not UVB is specifically used by both sexes for sex recognition, as shown by distinct, unexpected changes in behaviour by spiders encountering conspecifics with UVA removed. Our study revealed the adaptive significance of the presence of dual UV peaks in male ornamentation.
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution

ReviewUltra-violet photoreceptors in the animal kingdom: their distribution and function

Abstract

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Trends Neurosci.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Vision Res.

Exp. Eye Res.

Am. Nat.

J Comp. Physiol. A

J Comp. Physiol. A

Review
Ultra-violet photoreceptors in the animal kingdom: their distribution and function