ArticlesPostnatal Effects of Retinoic Acid on Cerebellar Development
Section snippets
Animals
Mice were raised in a B6/D2 outbred colony and embryos were staged following Theiler’s criteria (25), where the day of conception is defined as embryonic day 0. The first postnatal day was defined as postnatal day 0. Pregnant Sprague–Dawleys were obtained from Zivic-Miller Laboratories and from SLC; the labeling of developmental ages in rats was the same as in mice.
A total of 96 animals was used: 53 injected with RA that were compared to 33 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-injected controls and 10
RA Receptors
We used Northern blotting to determine which of the six RA receptors were present in the cerebellum. Of the RA receptor class that responds to both the all-trans and 9-cis isomers of RA, RARα, β, and γ, only RARβ was detectable in the cerebellum. The transcript size of 3.0 and 3.5 kb (Fig. 1A) was similar to the 3.3 and 3.5 kb transcripts described in a mouse embryonic cell line (28), although a larger, nonspecific band was also evident. RARβ expression increased during postnatal development
Discussion
Although vitamin A teratogenicity has been studied extensively in embryonic rodents over the last 40 years (4), little is known about the influence of RA on postnatal development. Postnatal developmental events sensitive to exogenous RA are those that normally respond to endogenous RA and that continue into postnatal life, such as lung development (5). Cerebellar development also continues postnatally, and we have shown that RA is likely to be involved in its regulation (30). Two tissues
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. P. Dolle and Dr. P. Chambon for RA receptor plasmids. This work was supported by a grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture to M. Y., grant AA09493 to D. U., grant EY01938 to U. D. and grants HD05515 and HD01179 to P. McC.
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2017, Addictive Substances and Neurological Disease: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs of Abuse in Everyday LifestylesEffects of Ethanol Exposure on Nervous System Development in Zebrafish
2012, International Review of Cell and Molecular BiologyCitation Excerpt :RA has been shown to be a possible target of ethanol exposure during nervous system development (Sulik et al., 1981; Duester, 1991; Pillarkat, 1991; Leo and Lieber, 1999; McCaffery et al., 2004; Yelin et al., 2005) and in zebrafish RA can rescue abnormal phenotypes induced by ethanol exposure (Marrs et al., 2010). RA is synthesized in cerebellum (Yamamoto et al., 1999) and RA receptor expression is decreased in rat cerebellum following ethanol exposure (Kumar et al., 2010). Fgf signaling may also be a target of ethanol during granule cell development, with Fgf2 treatment preventing cerebellar granule cell death in vitro (Luo et al., 1997).
Gestational all-trans retinoic acid treatment in the rat: Neurofunctional changes and cerebellar phenotype
2008, Neurotoxicology and TeratologyCitation Excerpt :As in humans [2], rats treated with retinoic acid exhibit a range of behavioral abnormalities. In this regard, previous studies have revealed significant effects of all-trans RA treatment on the cerebellar development both postnatally [28] and prenatally [8–12]. In particular, the gestational days (GD) 11–13 seem to be a highly sensitive developmental window for all-trans RA effects on the cerebellum [8,10].
Hindbrain development and retinoids
2006, Advances in Developmental BiologyCitation Excerpt :The expression is nonuniform, and is particularly high in areas overlying the rhombic lip, from which late‐derived neuron populations of the precerebellar system (pontine nuclei, inferior olive) originate. This correlates with retinoid‐dependent regulation of cell proliferation and fate and later anatomical organization in these structures (Yamamoto et al., 1999; Yamamoto et al., 2005), and with late teratogenic effects of excess retinoids on the same structures in human embryos (Lammer and Armstrong, 1992). Another potential source of retinoic acid at late stages are the auditory afferents.
Retinoic acid influences the development of the inferior olivary nucleus in the rodent
2005, Developmental BiologyEthanol increases retinoic acid production in cerebellar astrocytes and in cerebellum
2004, Developmental Brain Research