Original ArticleAn Inducer for Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor–α Protects Against Methamphetamine-Induced Rewarding Effects and Sensitization
Section snippets
Reagents
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and TNF-α were donated by Amgen (Thousand Oaks, California) and Dainippon Pharmaceutical (Osaka, Japan), respectively. Leu-Ile was purchased from Kokusan Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All other materials used were of reagent grade.
Animals
Animals were housed in plastic cages and kept in a temperature-, humidity-, and light-controlled room (23° ± 1°C; 50% ± 5% humidity; 12-hour light/dark cycle starting at 8:00 am) and had ad libitum access to food and water,
Effect of Leu-Ile on METH-Induced Increase in GDNF Levels
Levels of GDNF expression induced by Leu-Ile (.037, .37, 3.7, and 37 μg/mL) were determined in the cultured neurons with the EIA method. The GDNF levels were significantly increased 24 hours after the addition of Leu-Ile (.37 μg/mL) resulting in a bell-shaped dose response curve compared with the control group [F(4,25) = 8.895, p < .05, one-way ANOVA] (Figure 2A). Therefore, a dose of .37 μg/mL was used in this experiment. The time course of GDNF mRNA expression was determined 6, 12, and 24
Discussion
There are currently few efficacious medications for drug dependence. Recently, it has been reported that an opioid κ receptor agonist, TRK-820, inhibits not only the rewarding effects of morphine and cocaine but also a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversive effect (Mori et al 2002, Tsuji et al 2001). A DA D3 receptor partial agonist, BP897affects cocaine-associated stimulus-induced drug-seeking behavior in rats (Cervo et al. 2003). These medications should be effective even when
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