Atlas of transgenic Tet-Off Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and prion protein promoter activity in the mouse brain
Graphical abstract
Research Highlights
►The PrP and CamKII promoter mouse lines are popular (Tet-Off) conditional models ►We present an online atlas of Tet-Off promoter activity distributions in the brain ►A dual viewer tool facilitates comparison of PrP and CamKII promoter activity ►Tet-Off CamKII and PrP promoter activity distributions are largely complementary ►The atlas facilitates goal-directed generation of inducible transgenic mouse models
Introduction
Transgenic animal models allowing conditional regulation of gene expression are powerful tools for experimental investigation of neurodegenerative diseases (Lewandoski, 2001). A frequently used binary transgenic system is the tetracycline responsive gene (Tet-Off) system, in which transgene expression is activated or silenced by administration of tetracycline, or its derivatives (Gossen et al., 1995, Gossen and Bujard, 1992, Lewandoski, 2001). For brain-specific expression, conditional models using the Tet-Off system are currently mainly based on two transgenic mouse lines, either the prion protein (PrP)- or the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) promoter mouse line. The PrP promoter line has been successfully used in several studies of various diseases, including prion diseases (Safar et al., 2005, Tremblay et al., 1998), Parkinson's disease (Nuber et al., 2008), analysis of alcohol consumption (Choi et al., 2002), spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Boy et al., 2009), and neurofilament transport (Millecamps et al., 2007). The CamKII promoter line has been used for the investigation of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory consolidation (Bukalo et al., 2004, Limback-Stokin et al., 2004, Mayford et al., 1997, Wood et al., 2005), neurodevelopmental disorders (Alvarez-Saavedra et al., 2007, Jerecic et al., 2001), and for the generation of transgenic mouse models for Alzheimer's disease (Jankowsky et al., 2005), Huntington's disease (Yamamoto et al., 2000), Parkinson's disease (Nuber et al., 2008), neocortical degeneration (Muyllaert et al., 2008), schizophrenia (Pletnikov et al., 2008), and neurofibromatosis (Saito et al., 2007).
Since the expression of the responder gene is dictated by the activity of the promoter construct, knowledge about the anatomical distribution of promoter activity is critical both for the successful generation of an inducible disease model, as well as for the interpretation of observations made in conditional models based on the PrP or CamKII promoters (Chen et al., 1998, Furth et al., 1994, Yamamoto et al., 2000). A priori insight in these anatomical distributions is therefore valuable for researchers constructing or using inducible Tet-Off models. CamKII is known as a forebrain specific promoter while the PrP promoter activity is mainly distributed in the brainstem and cerebellum (Bailly et al., 2004, Boy et al., 2006, Bukalo et al., 2004, Chen et al., 1998, Ghavami et al., 1999, Liang et al., 1996, Liu et al., 2001, Mantamadiotis et al., 2002, Mayford et al., 1995, Mayford et al., 1996, Tremblay et al., 1998, Alvarez-Saavedra et al., 2007, Yamamoto et al., 2000). At the cellular level, CamKII promoter activity is neuron specific and has not been reported in glia (Bukalo et al., 2004, Chen et al., 1998, Mayford et al., 1996, Mayford et al., 1997, Michalon et al., 2005, Alvarez-Saavedra et al., 2007), whereas PrP promoter activity is seen in both neuronal and glia cell populations (Boy et al., 2006, Boy et al., 2009, Gotz et al., 2001). Using double-transgenic mice with the LacZ reporter gene (encoding the enzymatically detectable β-galactosidase) as a responder, we have performed comprehensive brain-wide mapping of promoter activity at the level of regions and cells in PrP/LacZ (Boy et al., 2006) and CamKII/LacZ mice (present study).
We have previously published a detailed online atlas of the distribution of PrP promoter regulated gene expression (Boy et al., 2006). Building upon this technology, we here present a similar atlas of CamKII promoter-regulated gene expression distributions across the entire mouse brain. We further present a novel atlas application tailored for direct comparison of corresponding histological section images showing PrP and CamKII promoter activity. We report largely complementary distributions of PrP and CamKII promoter activity throughout the entire brain and discuss distributions in selected example regions in more detail. Thus, our online atlas of comprehensive promoter activity pattern in both the Tet-Off PrP and CamKII promoter mouse line will benefit future planning of experiments and goal-directed generation of specific conditional animal models as well as the interpretation of findings from such animals.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
To map the distribution of Tet-Off CamKII promoter activity in the mouse brain, two 40-week-old adult female CamKII/LacZ mice were used. In addition, to compare the CamKII and PrP Tet-Off promoter mouse lines, image material from our published atlas of Tet-Off PrP promoter-regulated gene expression (Boy et al., 2006) was re-used. For both promoter lines, images from two age-matched control animals (one LacZ, and one wild-type, both of the C57BL/6 strain; Boy et al., 2006) were used. All animal
Animal groups and identification of CamKII and PrP promoter regulated gene expression
In the double transgenic mice, presence of β-galactosidase (reflecting CamKII or PrP promoter activity leading to expression of the LacZ gene) was visualized as a distinct blue labeling using X-gal (5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside) as a substrate (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4). We investigated the distribution of X-gal labeling in brains from (1) two adult 40-week-old female CamKII/LacZ mice, (2) two adult 5-week-old female PrP/LacZ mice (previously reported in Boy et al., 2006), and
Discussion
To characterize and compare the brain-wide spatial distributions of inducible promoter activity in the two most commonly used Tet-Off promoter mouse lines, CamKII and PrP, we have developed a novel atlas tool tailored for side-by-side comparison of spatially corresponding histological section images from the two promoter models. Building upon our earlier atlas of PrP promoter activity (http://www.rbwb.org, Boy et al., 2006), we have constructed a similar atlas of CamKII promoter activity,
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung and the European Union (6th Framework Programme, EUROSCA) to O.R., the Deutsche Heredo-Ataxie Gesellschaft to O.R. and T.S., The Research Council of Norway to J.G.B. and T.B.L., and EC grant QLG3-CT-2001-02256 to J.G.B. The sponsors had no influence on the design, execution or publication of the study. We thank I.A. Moene, A.T. Bore, and J.O. Kjode for expert technical assistance, and S.B. Prusiner, D. Westaway, M. Scott, P. Tremblay, K.
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