Estrogen, neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease: Glia dictates resistance versus vulnerability to neurodegeneration
Section snippets
The Mr. Hyde’s face of glia
Evidence from both experimental and postmortem studies accumulated over the past two decades has clearly suggested that a sustained inflammatory reaction is present in acute CNS injury as well as in chronic neurodegenerative states. In the context of innate inflammatory mechanisms, glia is recognized to play active roles in most degenerative CNS pathologies and reactive gliosis recognized as universal hallmark of both acute or chronic damage to the CNS (Marchetti et al 2005b, Marchetti and
Conclusion
In summary, from the overall findings, it seems tempting to speculate that a causal relationship may exist between the exacerbation of glia reactivity of E2-deprived females and increased vulnerability of nigral DA neurons to MPTP, possibly implicating E2-induced switch of pro-inflammatory astroglial “Mr. Hyde” into a “Dr. Jekyll” phenotype, as determining factor in DA neuron protection. Given the crucial role of glia–neuron interactions in neuronal growth, survival, differentiation and synapse
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Italian Ministry of Health (Strategic Research Project contract no. 189), Italian Ministry of Research (MURST), OASI (IRCCS) Institution for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging Troina (EN) Italy.
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M. C. Morale and P. A. Serra share the first authorship.