Vascular remodeling after ischemic stroke: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials
Section snippets
Collateral circulation and arteriogenesis as the new therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia
Stroke or cerebral ischemia leads to cerebrovascular adaptations both acutely and chronically. During acute flow obstruction, some parts of the brain tissue suffer from ischemia while others are sustained by collateral flow through pre-existing anastomoses. Collateral circulation refers to the supplemental network of vessels that compensate blood flow and offset the adverse effect of ischemia (Kucinski et al., 2003, Liebeskind, 2003, Liebeskind, 2005a, Liebeskind, 2005b, Shuaib et al., 2011b,
The role of angiogenesis in cerebrovascular diseases and therapy
Angiogenesis is a tightly controlled process in the central nervous system (CNS). In cancer, inhibition of angiogenesis is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating solid tumors. Conversely, promoting focal angiogenesis could provide an opportunity for improving outcomes of ischemia-related diseases. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which angiogenesis occurs appears promising to yield potential therapeutic targets for ischemic brain diseases. However, numerous
Conclusions and perspectives
Both arteriogenesis and angiogenesis are tightly controlled processes under physiological and pathological conditions. Arteriogenesis is triggered by mechanical force, while angiogenesis is induced by a hypoxic environment. Strategies to increase collateral flow have been shown to hold promise in improving the outcome of acute stroke and recanalization therapies in stroke patients. Experimental studies suggest that enhancing angiogenesis is linked to an improved recovery of function and brain
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH grant R01 NS071050 (J.L.), AHA EIA 0940065N (J.L.), China 973 Program 2010CB834306 and 2011CB504405 (G.Y.Y. and W.Y.), NSFC 81070939 (G.Y.Y.) and U1232205 (G.Y.Y.).
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These authors contributed equally to this work.