Persistent and injury-induced neurogenesis in the vertebrate retina
Section snippets
Introduction: persistent and injury-induced neurogenesis in the retina
The retinas of all vertebrates differentiate from a sheet of multipotent neuroepithelial cells. In mammals, this neuroepithelium is generated through many rounds of cell division in the early embryo, and cells begin to withdraw from the mitotic cell cycle and differentiate in utero or in early postnatal life. The adult complement of retinal neurons is generated in advance of vision and growth of the eye and retina stops at an early point in the animal's lifespan. In contrast, the amphibian and
Neurogenesis in the retinas of amphibians—tadpoles and frogs
The retinas of frogs have been a mainstay in dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern neuronal development and differentiation in the nervous system. The first conclusive evidence of neurogenesis at the margin of a vertebrate retina was gained from studies using tadpoles (Hollyfield, 1968; Straznicky and Gaze, 1971). Following an intravitreal injection of 3H-thymidine to label dividing cells and short survival times, the 3H-label was found in spindle-shaped, undifferentiated
Injury-induced neurogenesis in the retina: models of CNS repair
A hallmark of the central nervous system in most adult vertebrates, certainly all adult mammals, is that significant injuries are not repaired and capacities lost through neuronal death are not regained. With the growth of our knowledge concerning neural stem cells, it is hoped that a therapeutic cellular treatment for brain injuries might one day be realized. This is a particularly attractive strategy in the retina where the major blinding diseases impact a limited number of cell types. It is
Finale
Understanding the cellular mechanisms that regulate developmental and regenerative neurogenesis has been a subject of intense interest among neurobiologists for decades. This review has focused on our current knowledge of these processes in the retinas of amphibians, birds and fish. While intriguing in their own right, comparative studies may provide the basis for understanding mechanisms regulating neurogenesis in the mammalian retina and insights into the potential for and limitations of
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Laura Kakuk-Atkins and Randall Wallach and Drs. Deborah Stenkamp and Philip Gage for reading and commenting on preliminary versions of this paper. Preparation of this review was funded in part by NIH grants R01-EY07060 (PH), P30-EY07003 (PH), T32-EY013934 (MO), T32-DC05341 (AS) and F32-EY13499 (DO).
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