Trends in Neurosciences
New roles for astrocytes: The nightlife of an ‘astrocyte’. La vida loca!
Section snippets
Persistent and prevalent gliogenesis in the adult CNS
Continuing gliogenesis in the adult has been documented and accepted since the 1960s 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 but there are differences between development and the adult that are noteworthy. During the transition from birth to adulthood, there is an attenuation of progenitor proliferation and migration and the vast majority of glia produced in adulthood are oligodendrocytes 19, 30, 31, 32. In addition, adult gliogenesis becomes primarily a local phenomenon (rather than via migration of progenitors
Gliogenesis and neurogenesis: intrinsic versus environmental control of stem cell fate
Unlike the abundant and widespread production of oligodendrocytes, neurogenesis in the naı̈ve rodent brain is restricted to the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The actively dividing precursors that produce glia are antigenically distinct from those that generate neurons and this lineage dichotomy is established well before stem cell progeny acquire the lineage-specific markers of myelin basic protein, GFAP or type III β-tubulin [14]. This suggests that commitment to an eventual fate begins
Summary
Control by local stem and/or progenitor cells is influenced by factors that are expressed by many cell types present within the niche consisting of progenitor cells, mature oligodendrocytes and neurons, as well as astrocytes and cells of the vasculature. Although factors provided by mature astrocytes are at least a part of the equation and glia are clearly involved in cell fate, the roles of the astrocyte in cell genesis are diverse (Table 1) and the exact role of astrocytes in the instructive
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Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis
2021, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsEvidence of cellular proliferation in the spinal cord and hippocampus in an animal model of osteoarthritis
2021, Current Research in Behavioral SciencesNrf2/Wnt resilience orchestrates rejuvenation of glia-neuron dialogue in Parkinson's disease
2020, Redox BiologyCitation Excerpt :Especially, the remarkable TH+ fiber sprouting and GFAP-to-TH neurons cell-to cell contacts, accompanied nigrostriatal neurorepair, which persisted long after MPTP insult (Fig. 5). Intuitively, the astroglial cell compartment appeared a critical actor for mDAn resilience, as many adaptive changes occurring at this level serve to increase the defense against oxidative stress, to reduce inflammation, to improve mitochondrial performance, to increase neurotrophic support, and to activate adult neurogenesis [240, 274–279, and Refs in previous sections]. Activation of endogenous compensatory mechanisms is recognized to mask the of PD before the appearance of the first clinical symptoms [274], which raises the possibility that some individuals with PD suffer from a reduction of these neuroprotective mechanisms and that treatments that boost these mechanisms may provide therapeutic benefit [272].
The temporal and spatial changes of microtubule cytoskeleton in the CA1 stratum radiatum following global transient ischemia
2019, Journal of Chemical NeuroanatomyCitation Excerpt :Therefore, stabilizing microtubules has been suggested to be a potentially therapeutic intervention to impede ischemia-induced cellular degradation (Härtig et al., 2016; Michalski et al., 2016). It is well known that the ischemic neuronal damage is generally characterized by a persistent reaction of astrocytes (Petito, 1986; Anderova et al., 2011), which may play a protective role for the post-ischemic brain by buffering the intraneuronal and interstitial hydrogen ions (Petito, 1986; Horner and Palmer, 2003). Our dual fluorescence labeling and colocalizaton analysis showed that although low in concentration, astrocytes in the intact brain also contained β-tubulin.
Vitamin C-Induced Epigenetic Modifications in Donor NSCs Establish Midbrain Marker Expressions Critical for Cell-Based Therapy in Parkinson's Disease
2017, Stem Cell ReportsCitation Excerpt :However, contrary to our expectations, VC treatment rather strongly enhanced astrocytic differentiation from cultured VM-NSCs via DNA/histone demethylation in the Gfap promoter region (Figure S4C), indicating that VC-mediated effects on VM-NSC cultures are not completely associated with prevention of culture- or development-dependent processes. Based on the physiologic neurotrophic actions of brain astrocytes (Horner and Palmer, 2003; Nedergaard et al., 2003), transplantation of astrocytes alone or together with neurogenic donor cells has become a therapeutic possibility for treating intractable brain disorders (Chen et al., 2015). Thus, the VC effect on astrocyte differentiation is another beneficial contributor to attain improved therapeutic outcomes achieved by transplanting VC-treated NSCs, whereby astrocytes differentiated from the grafted NSCs exert trophic support for neuronal differentiation/maturation and survival in grafted brains.