GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian superior colliculus. As in the lateral geniculate nucleus, GABA immunoreactive neurons in SC are almost all small and are distributed throughout the structure in all mammalian species studied to date. Unlike the LGN, GABA-labeled neurons in SC have a variety of morphologies. These cells have been best characterized in cat, where horizontal and two granule cell morphologies have been identified. Horizontal cells give rise to one class of presynaptic dendrite while granule C cells give rise to another class of spine-like presynaptic dendrite. Granule A cells may be the origin of some GABAergic axon terminals. GABA containing synaptic profiles form serial synapses, providing a possible substrate for disinhibition. The distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes appears similar to that of GABA neurons, with the densest distribution found within the superficial gray layer. However, antibody immunocytochemistry of the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor reveals that it is located at both synaptic and non-synaptic sites, and may be associated with membrane adjacent to terminals with either flattened or round vesicles. A few GABA containing neurons in SC colocalize the pentapeptide leucine enkephalin or the calcium binding protein calbindin. However, none appear to co-localize parvalbumin, a situation different from GABA containing interneurons in the LGN and visual cortex. The diversity of GABA neurons in SC rivals that found in visual cortex, although unlike visual cortex, the pattern of co-occurrence does not distinguish GABA cell types in SC. The superior colliculus also differs from both LGN and visual cortex in that GABA and calbindin immunoreactivity is not altered by either long-term occlusion and/or short-term enucleation in adult Rhesus monkeys. No consistent differences have been found in the optical density of GABA labeling in either cells or neuropil. To conclude, GABA neurons in the superior colliculus share some properties like those in LGN and others like those in visual cortex. In other properties, they differ from GABA neurons in both the LGN and visual cortex. The GABA systems in the superior colliculus are similar in all mammalian species studied, suggesting that they are phylogenetically conserved systems which are not amenable to plastic alterations, a situation different to that in the geniculostriate system.