The ovarian hormone estrogen is presumed to modulate processes of learning and memory in adulthood. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term estrogen replacement on associative memory formation. Adult ovariectomized female rats received two injections of estradiol (10, 20 or 40 microg) 24 h apart and were trained 4 h following each injection on the hippocampal-dependent task of trace eyeblink conditioning. Only the highest dose of estrogen, which produced plasma estradiol levels >250 pg/ml, enhanced conditioned responding. One day after the last injection, estrogen treated rats continued to exhibit elevated levels of conditioning and extinguished responding when the conditioned stimulus was no longer presented. Exposure to estrogen did not alter pain sensitivity or activity levels, but did greatly increase uterine weight. These results provide additional support to the view that that ovarian steroids are beneficial to the performance of certain forms of learning and memory tasks, albeit at supraphysiological doses. They are discussed with reference to hormone replacement and its effects on cognitive processes.