The retinal afferents of the tectum opticum and the n. opticus principalis thalami (OPT) were studied with fluorescent tracers in pigeons. Injections into the tectum opticum revealed topographically related areas of high density labelling in the contralateral retina. In these areas up to 15,000 cells/mm2 were labelled. After tectal injections the soma sizes of labelled retinal ganglion cells in the area centralis ranged from 5 to 23 microns with a mean of 7.5 microns. Afferents from the ipsilateral retina could not be demonstrated. Injections into the OPT labelled neurons throughout the retina without a clear topographical relation to the locus of injection. The density never exceeded 150 cells per mm2. The soma size range was 8 to 35 microns with a mean of 14.6 microns. Independently of the injection area within the OPT, the red field in the dorsotemporal retina was always extremely sparsely labelled. The number of labelled ganglion cells in this area never exceeded 25 neurons/mm2. After OPT injections the average density of labelling per unit area was six times higher in the yellow than in the red field. The results confirm previous reports of a massive and topographically organized retinal projection onto the optic tectum. The projection onto the OPT was clearly smaller and with the retrograde tracing techniques in use, an orderly topography has not been demonstrated. The paucity of red field projections onto the OPT suggests that the role of the thalamofugal pathway in binocular integration is very limited.