Cognitive deficits are important components of the parkinsonian syndrome. In order to investigate the role of dopamine (DA) neurons in cognitive functions, we recorded the electrical activity of midbrain DA neurons in a monkey performing in a spatial delayed alternation task. Triggered by a light, the animal reached toward one of two levers to receive a drop of liquid reward. The lever associated with reward was alternated after each correct movement. Of 88 DA neurons, 65% and 52% showed phasic responses to the trigger light and reward, respectively. By contrast, sustained delay-related activity described for striatum and frontal cortex was not observed, suggesting that the activity of DA neurons does not reflect mnemonic or preparatory representational task components. Rather, DA neurons respond to the salient attentional and motivating stimuli guiding task performance.