The anuran auditory midbrain of the grassfrog (Rana temporaria L.) was studied by a combined spectro-temporal analysis of sound preceding neural events. From the spectro-temporal sensitivities (STS) estimates of best frequencies (BF) and latencies (LT) were derived. Several types of STSs were observed: monomodal excitatory STSs comprised about half of the cases. Bimodal excitatory STSs, i.e. STSs with two discrete excitation regions, were observed in about 25%. Trimodal and broadly tuned STSs comprised about 5%. The remaining 20% of the STSs were characterized by inhibitory phenomena such as pure inhibition, sideband inhibition and post-activation inhibition. The distribution of best frequencies matches the frequency spectrum of the animal's vocalizations. A relative absence of monomodal units was noted in the mid frequency range. The distribution of latencies was bimodal over the range 7-108 ms. For each unit 6 functional parameters were determined; besides BF and LT these were: form of the STS (i.e. monomodality versus multimodality), spontaneous activity, binaural interaction, and firing mode (i.e. sustained versus transient) upon continuous noises stimulation. In addition, two structural parameters were considered: location in the torus and action potential waveform. Large correlations appeared between LT and action potential waveform, and between BF and binaural interaction type. Tonotopy was not found. A comparison was made between results from this study with a previous study on lightly anesthetized grassfrogs, using the same stimulus paradigms (D.J. Hermes et al. (1981): Hearing Res. 5, 147-178; D.J. Hermes et al. (1982): Hearing Res. 6, 103-126). Spontaneous activity, inhibitory phenomena and complex STSs were common using immobilization, whereas these have hardly been observed using anesthesia. Furthermore, interdependencies between the neural characteristics are substantially weaker for the immobilized preparation.