First-spike timing of auditory-nerve fibers and comparison with auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2438-2454, 1997. The timing of the first spike of cat auditory-nerve (AN) fibers in response to onsets of characteristic frequency (CF) tone bursts was studied and compared with that of neurons in primary auditory cortex (AI), reported previously. Tones were shaped with cosine-squared rise functions, and rise time and sound pressure level were parametrically varied. Although measurement of first-spike latency of AN fibers was somewhat compromised by effects of spontaneous activity, latency was an invariant and inverse function of the maximum acceleration of peak pressure (i.e., a feature of the 2nd derivative of the stimulus envelope), as previously found in AI, rather than of tone level or rise time. Latency-acceleration functions of all AN fibers were of very similar shape, similar to that observed in AI. As in AI, latency-acceleration functions of different fibers were displaced along the latency axis, reflecting differences in minimum latency, and along the acceleration axis, reflecting differences in sensitivity to acceleration [neuronal transient sensitivity (S)]. S estimates increased with spontaneous rate (SR), but values of high-SR fibers exceeded those in AI. This suggests that S estimates are biased by SR per se, and that unbiased true S values would be less tightly correlated with response properties covarying with SR, such as firing threshold. S estimates varied with CF in a fashion similar to the cat's audiogram and, for low- and medium-SR fibers, matched those for AI neurons. Minimum latency decreased with increasing SR and CF. As in AI, the standard deviation of first-spike timing (SD) in AN was also an inverse function of maximum acceleration of peak pressure. The characteristics of the increase of SD with latency in a given AN fiber/AI neuron and across AN fibers/AI neurons revealed that the precision of first-spike timing to some stimuli can actually be higher in AI than in AN. The data suggest that the basic characteristics of the latency-acceleration functions of transient onset responses seen in cortex are generated at inner hair cell-AN fiber synapses. Implications for signal processing in the auditory system and for first-spike generation and adaptation in AN are discussed.