Conditioned taste aversion, a long-lasting type of learning established after a single pairing of a novel taste and subsequent internal malaise, is an adaptive behavior to prevent animals from repeated intakes of poisonous substances. The present study was designed to identify the time-dependent excitability changes of cortical neurons to gustatory stimuli after the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion in freely behaving rats. Conditioned taste aversion to saccharin was established by an intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride, a sickness-inducing agent, soon after an intraoral infusion of saccharin. Twenty minutes after the pairing, 25 (29%) of 86 rats showed aversive taste reactivities to saccharin, and 30 min after the pairing, all of the rats showed aversive behaviors to saccharin; these behavioral changes lasted throughout the test session (over 360 min). When unit activities were recorded from the insular cortex simultaneously with the behavioral test, 14 (11%) of 122 neurons showed a significant enhancement of excitability in response to saccharin, but not to other taste stimuli, after the acquisition of taste aversion. Eight of these 14 neurons showed a short-term enhancement: significant effects were detected only 30 min after the pairing. The remaining six neurons exhibited a long-term enhancement: the effects lasted over 360 min after the pairing. The existence of such short-term and long-term excitability changes suggests that the gustatory insular cortex is involved in different aspects of taste aversion learning.