▪ Abstract Spines are neuronal protrusions, each of which receives input typically from one
excitatory synapse. They contain neurotransmitter receptors, organelles, and signaling …

The three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin are found in
morphologically distinct classes of inhibitory interneurons as well as in some pyramidal neurons …

… Esther A Nimchinsky, … Nimchinsky EA, Vogt BA, Morrison JH, Hof PR (1995) Spindle
neurons of the human anterior cingulate cortex. J Comp Neurol 355: 27–37. … Nimchinsky …

… nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein have shown that variations in their distribution
correspond with the cytoarchitectonic fields described in the present report (Hof and Nimchinsky…

We report the existence and distribution of an unusual type of projection neuron, a large,
spindle-shaped cell, in layer Vb of the anterior cingulate cortex of pongids and hominids. These …

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in theFMR1 gene leading to absence of the
fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Reports that patients and adultFMR1 knock-out …

Many synapses can change their strength rapidly in a use-dependent manner, but the
mechanisms of such short-term plasticity remain unknown. To understand these mechanisms, …

Calcium and its regulation play central roles diverse physiologic processes. Quantification
of calcium concentrations ([Ca 2+ ]) in small neuronal compartments is crucial to …

The number of receptors opening after glutamate release is critical for understanding the
sources of noise and the dynamic range of synaptic transmission. We imaged [Ca 2+ ] …

… In Mucuca sp., spindle neurons are occasionally encountered in anterior cingulate cortex
(Nimchinsky, unpublished observations). These observations attest to the fact that the anterior …