Interleukins 1α and 1β (IL‐1) are very potent signaling molecules that are expressed
normally at low levels, but are induced rapidly in response to local or peripheral insults. IL‐1 …

Diabetic retinopathy remains a frightening prospect to patients and frustrates physicians.
Destruction of damaged retina by photocoagulation remains the primary treatment nearly 50 …

Excessive inflammation has been implicated in the progressive neurodegeneration that occurs
in multiple neurological diseases, including cerebral ischemia, and elevated levels of the …

Diabetes leads to vascular leakage, glial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis within the
retina. The goal of the studies reported here was to determine the role that retinal microglial …

purpose. This study tested the Ins2 Akita mouse as an animal model of retinal complications
in diabetes. The Ins2 Akita mutation results in a single amino acid substitution in the insulin …

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is induced immediately after insults to the brain, and elevated levels of IL-1
have been strongly implicated in the neurodegeneration that accompanies stroke, …

We have used a model of hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in adult male C57BL/6 mice to study
insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP) expression in response …

Studies have shown that cytokines released following CNS injury can affect the supportive
or cytotoxic functions of microglia. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)‐family cytokines are among the injury …

Microglia rapidly respond to CNS injury, yet the mechanisms leading to their activation and
inactivation remain poorly defined. In particular, few studies have established how …

Background and Purpose— Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in
multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke. However, to date, there is no …