… Immediately after the post-test, animals were anesthetized by injection of isotonic MgCl 2
(500 ml/kg), and both pleural–pedal ganglia were removed. Tail sensory neurons were …

Repetitive, unilateral stimulation of Aplysia induces long-term sensitization (LTS) of ipsilaterally
elicited siphon-withdrawal responses. Whereas some morphological effects of training …

In Aplysia, repeated trials of aversive stimuli produce long-term sensitization (LTS) of defensive
reflexes and suppression of feeding. Whereas the cellular underpinnings of LTS have …

Neurite outgrowth is a process commonly thought to contribute to long-term learning by
formation of new synaptic contacts. The behavioral effects of long-term sensitization training in …

… In all behavioral experiments, animals were injected systemically with 1 mL per 200-g
body mass of either l-NAME dissolved at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in artificial seawater (ASW), …

… Hemolymph samples (1.5 mL) were collected using a 20-gauge needle and 5-mL syringe.
Hemolymph was withdrawn carefully at a site between the rhinophores and parapodia near …

Although decision making is a ubiquitous function, the understanding of its underlying
mechanisms remains limited, particularly at the single-cell level. In this study, we used the …

… preparations, 50 mL of 50 µM 5-HT was manually exchanged at a rate of ∼10 mL/min by …
At the end of this period, 5-HT was washed out of with 50 mL of ASW in an identical manner. …

This study investigated the signaling cascades involved in the long-term storage of the
balance between defensive and appetitive behaviors observed when the mollusk Aplysia is …

Prey often modify their behaviours to diminish predation risk, but the persistence of such
behavioural changes are not well understood. We investigated the effects of predation risk in …