Thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissues dissipate chemical energy as heat, and their
thermogenic activities can combat obesity and diabetes. Herein the functional adaptations …

… in sleep in rats (R. Vetrivelan and J. Lu, unpublished observations). Moreover, VTA neuronal
firing rate and cFos expression (Figure 1) did not differ significantly across S–W states. …

Brown and beige adipose tissues can dissipate chemical energy as heat through thermogenic
respiration, which requires uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) 1 , 2 . Thermogenesis from these …

The preoptic area (POA) is necessary for sleep, but the fundamental POA circuits have remained
elusive. Previous studies showed that galanin (GAL)- and GABA-producing neurons in …

… (C) Results of sleep–wake transitions (N, W and R represent the stage for NREM,
wakefulness and REM sleep, respectively). (D) Results of bout numbers (upper panel) and mean …

Background Previous work has suggested, but not demonstrated directly, a critical role for
both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the pontine tegmentum in the regulation of …

Early transection and stimulation studies suggested the existence of sleep-promoting circuitry
in the medullary brainstem, yet the location and identity of the neurons comprising this …

… With the exception of a rotarod test, in which SOM-lesioned animals performed comparably
with control animals (R. Vetrivelan and J. Lu, unpublished observations), the SOM-lesioned …

Several studies have shown the importance of the medial preoptic area in the regulation of
sleep-wakefulness and of body temperature. The medial preoptic area has a rich …

Currently available evidence indicates that neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone
(MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus are critical modulators of sleep-wakefulness, but their …