Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects—…

It is controversial whether different cognitive functions can be mapped to discrete regions of
the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The localisationist tradition has associated one cognitive function …

In our TICS Review in 2004, we proposed that a sector of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC)
in humans is critical for inhibiting response tendencies. Here we survey new evidence, …

The analysis of the behavioural and neural mechanisms of reinforcement and motivation has
benefited from the recent application of learning theory and better anatomical knowledge of …

The precise localization of executive functions such as response inhibition within the prefrontal
cortex (PFC), although theoretically crucial, has proven to be controversial and difficult 1 . …

In many circumstances alternative courses of action and thoughts have to be inhibited to allow
the emergence of goal-directed behavior. However, this has not been the accepted view …

THE prefrontal cortex is implicated in such human characteristics as volition, planning,
abstract reasoning and affect 1–6 . Frontal-lobe damage can cause disinhibition such that the …

Impulsivity is the tendency to act prematurely without foresight. Behavioral and neurobiological
analysis of this construct, with evidence from both animal and human studies, defines …

▪ Abstract The organization and possible functions of basal forebrain and pontine cholinergic
systems are reviewed. Whereas the basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal projections likely …

Twenty-six patients with unilateral or bilateral frontal lobe excisions were compared with age
and IQ matched controls on a computerized battery of tests of spatial working memory and …