Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
NTN mRNA appears sequentially in the ventral midbrain (vm) and caudate putamen (cp) of the developing mouse brain. Sections of E13.5 brain hybridized with antisense probe to NTN (A) display strong hybridization in the ventral midbrain (vm), whereas no hybridization is seen in the developing caudate putamen (cp) above the background seen with sense strand control probe (B). At P1, (C, E, G) as well as in the adult brain (D, F) hybridization is seen in both the ventral midbrain and caudate putamen. The signal in the adult caudate (F, H) is associated with cells displaying a nuclear morphology characteristic of neurons. Scale bars:B, E, F, 1 μm (these apply to A, C,D, respectively); G, 1 μm;H, 0.1 μm.
- Fig. 2.
mRNA for GFRα2 is localized in the vicinity of nigral DA neurons. GFRα2 mRNA (A) expression is much more diffuse and weak than GFRα1 (B) in the region of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Colocalization of TH staining (brown) and in situhybridization for mRNA (white silver grains) for GFRα2 (C) reveals that the majority of GFRα2 expression in the adult ventral midbrain is not produced by DA neurons but by cells residing nearby. In particular, a band of GFRα2-expressing cells is seen in a zone that is dorsolateral to the pars compacta. D–F, Dark-field images of the same sections shown under bright-field illumination in G–I. All sections were immunostained for TH (brown).In situ hybridizations were performed for GFRα2 (D, G), GFRα1 (E, H), and sense strand control probe (F, I). Marginally more silver grains are seen for GFRα2 hybridization over TH+ cells (D, G) than in sections hybridized with a sense strand control probe to GFRα1 (F, I). Scale bars: B, 0.5 μm (applies to A);C, I, 1 μm (I applies toD–I).
- Fig. 3.
NTN promotes survival of midbrain DA neuronsin vitro and in vivo. Values inA–C represent mean ± SEM; *p< 0.05; **p < 0.0001 (vs control).A, NTN promotes survival of TH+ cells in cultures of E14 rat ventral mesencephalon. Survival responses to maximally effective concentration of NTN are very similar to those seen with optimal doses of GDNF. B, Single bolus injection of NTN can provide partial protection of FG+ or TH+ nigral cells after intrastriatal 6-OHDA administration. Single intranigral injections of 1 or 10 μg of NTN or GDNF, administered 1 week after the toxic insult, produce comparable sparing of FG+ cells after 6-OHDA. A single intranigral injection of 10 μg of NTN can produce sparing of TH+ cells, whereas 1 μg is not effective. Note the comparable effects of similar doses of GDNF and NTN at both doses on TH+ cells. C, Repeated administration of NTN rescued all FG+ cells, but because a high proportion of the FG+ cells were TH-negative, the TH+ cell number was not significantly increased in the NTN-treated rats. In a series of double-labeled sections, the percentage of FG+ cells that expressed TH was reduced not only in the NTN-treated nigra but also in the controls treated with vehicle alone (from 80 ± 3% on the nontreated intact side to 52 ± 6% on the treated side), indicating a potential deleterious effect of repeated administration of the acidic, hypotonic vehicle (data not shown). D, Appearance of FG+ nigral cells after neurotoxic insult and rescue with GDNF or NTN. Thetop left panel represents a control substantia nigra (contralateral to 6-OHDA administration), whereas the top right panel depicts a vehicle-treated substantia nigra 4 weeks after ipsilateral intrastriatal 6-OHDA treatment. The lesioned nigra shows very few surviving neurons but many small cells of microglial morphology. The bottom panels demonstrate that a single bolus injection of 10 μg of either NTN or GDNF protects the survival of many fluorogold-labeled neurons at 4 weeks after 6-OHDA administration. E, Appearance of TH+ cells after neurotoxic insult and rescue with GDNF or NTN. Top leftand top right panels depict substantia nigra 4 weeks after 6-OHDA to the contralateral (left) or ipsilateral (right) striatum. The brain in the top right panel was treated by injection of vehicle into the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Partial protection of TH-expressing cells is seen after a single bolus injection of 10 μg of either NTN or GDNF into the pars compacta.
- Fig. 4.
Intrastriatal injection of NTN or GDNF augments amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and increases striatal DA utilization. A, B, Injections of NTN or GDNF (1 μg) into the right hemisphere do not significantly alter spontaneous open-field locomotor activity but do augment amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. A, B, Mean ± SEM number of interrupted photocell beams 30 min before and 60 min after saline (A) or amphetamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) (B) administration. Asterisksindicate significant differences from vehicle-injected controls (p < 0.05). C, Mean ± SEM ratio of the metabolite DOPAC to DA in each brain region sampled 1 week after unilateral administration of NTN, GDNF, or vehicle in the right striatum. Data are depicted as percent of the noninjected (intact) hemisphere. Significant increases from vehicle-injected controls as determined by Fisher’s post hoc analyses are indicated by an asterisk(p < 0.05). Except for the 1 and 10 μg doses of NTN in the posterior striatum, individual doses within the same treatment group were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Subsequent comparisons revealed a significantly greater effect of the 0.1 μg dose of NTN relative to the same dose of GDNF at all three striatal sites. In the nucleus accumbens, DA utilization was increased by both 1 and 10 μg doses of GDNF, whereas only the highest dose of NTN reached significance.
Tables
Brain region DA (ng/mg protein) DOPAC/DA Anterior striatum Right 209.2 ± 6.4 0.106 ± 0.003 Left 209.3 ± 8.2 0.104 ± 0.002 Central striatum Right 169.7 ± 11.9 0.106 ± 0.004 Left 183.1 ± 11.3 0.103 ± 0.002 Posterior striatum Right 139.3 ± 6.1 0.105 ± 0.006 Left 150.2 ± 6.5 0.098 ± 0.003 Nucleus accumbens Right 161.8 ± 12.1 0.133 ± 0.004 Left 159.6 ± 11.9 0.128 ± 0.005 Substantia nigra Right 21.5 ± 3.4 0.218 ± 0.100 Left 20.6 ± 2.9 0.222 ± 0.110 Values shown are mean ± SEM amounts of DA (nanograms per milligram of protein) and the ratio of the metabolite DOPAC to DA (DA utilization) in the right (injected) and left (noninjected) hemispheres of vehicle-treated controls. No significant differences in DA content were observed after intrastriatal administration of NTN or GDNF. Changes in DA utilization relative to controls are depicted in Figure4C.
