Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo Analgesia: Expectation-Activated Opioid Systems versus Conditioning-Activated Specific Subsystems

Martina Amanzio; Fabrizio Benedetti

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00484.1999

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00484.1999

PubMed

9870976

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received August 28, 1998
Revision received October 14, 1998
Accepted October 21, 1998
First published January 1, 1999.

Version of record published January 1, 1999.

Author Information

Martina Amanzio and
Fabrizio Benedetti

¹Department of Neuroscience and Centro Interuniversitario per la Neurofisio logia del Dolore Center for the Neurophysiology of Pain, University of Torino Medical School, 10125 Torino, Italy

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Author contributions

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Disclosures

Received August 28, 1998.
Revision received October 14, 1998.
Accepted October 21, 1998.

We thank the two reviewers for their important criticisms. They helped us to improve the article. This work was supported by grants from Ministero dell’Universitá e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche “Coordinate Project on Trigeminal Pain”.
Correspondence should be addressed to Fabrizio Benedetti, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Jan 1999	194	112	134
Feb 1999	21	37	17
Mar 1999	21	40	36
Dec 1999	2	5	2
Total 1999	238	194	189
Jan 2000	1	13	2
Feb 2000	2	16	4
Mar 2000	6	28	25
Apr 2000	5	27	18
May 2000	1	11	11
Jun 2000	6	29	7
Jul 2000	4	10	5
Aug 2000	2	11	8
Sep 2000	3	18	10
Oct 2000	9	20	8
Nov 2000	4	19	13
Dec 2000	3	22	13
Total 2000	46	224	124
Jan 2001	4	17	9
Feb 2001	4	36	23
Mar 2001	2	45	13
Apr 2001	3	32	22
May 2001	13	24	20
Jun 2001	4	16	11
Jul 2001	1	15	9
Aug 2001	0	8	9
Sep 2001	2	17	9
Oct 2001	1	27	23
Nov 2001	2	19	16
Dec 2001	2	18	16
Total 2001	38	274	180
Jan 2002	1	28	12
Feb 2002	3	17	14
Mar 2002	3	32	19
Apr 2002	2	39	25
May 2002	2	15	13
Jun 2002	6	8	16
Jul 2002	3	7	12
Aug 2002	0	9	10
Sep 2002	3	22	21
Oct 2002	7	24	23
Nov 2002	4	21	22
Dec 2002	4	9	18
Total 2002	38	231	205
Jan 2003	2	21	34
Feb 2003	7	24	23
Mar 2003	5	35	39
Apr 2003	4	31	29
May 2003	5	39	39
Jun 2003	5	17	20
Jul 2003	9	30	14
Aug 2003	13	27	17
Sep 2003	11	54	32
Oct 2003	10	33	28
Nov 2003	13	38	38
Dec 2003	16	31	16
Total 2003	100	380	329
Jan 2004	27	30	17
Feb 2004	30	43	48
Mar 2004	49	57	55
Apr 2004	42	36	35
May 2004	30	44	13
Jun 2004	20	26	17
Jul 2004	15	19	25
Aug 2004	41	40	23
Sep 2004	25	39	28
Oct 2004	25	51	34
Nov 2004	31	63	36
Dec 2004	36	72	49
Total 2004	371	520	380
Jan 2005	24	42	30
Feb 2005	35	71	26
Mar 2005	37	69	64
Apr 2005	20	71	57
May 2005	23	56	39
Jun 2005	18	40	33
Jul 2005	8	33	28
Aug 2005	18	28	22
Sep 2005	14	63	41
Oct 2005	53	100	44
Nov 2005	42	58	53
Dec 2005	33	47	41
Total 2005	325	678	478
Jan 2006	31	51	35
Feb 2006	27	43	28
Mar 2006	38	77	50
Apr 2006	33	57	56
May 2006	36	34	35
Jun 2006	22	45	44
Jul 2006	13	27	22
Aug 2006	18	29	17
Sep 2006	34	37	46
Oct 2006	52	57	70
Nov 2006	56	45	54
Dec 2006	59	41	58
Total 2006	419	543	515
Jan 2007	23	35	56
Feb 2007	40	40	70
Mar 2007	62	46	69
Apr 2007	59	59	71
May 2007	36	51	58
Jun 2007	20	27	41
Jul 2007	15	19	20
Aug 2007	11	20	24
Sep 2007	20	31	33
Oct 2007	60	43	52
Nov 2007	51	47	60
Dec 2007	67	60	70
Total 2007	464	478	624
Jan 2008	56	34	34
Feb 2008	24	35	28
Mar 2008	61	41	64
Apr 2008	70	60	81
May 2008	41	69	34
Jun 2008	40	58	46
Jul 2008	29	41	37
Aug 2008	44	52	37
Sep 2008	41	42	33
Oct 2008	41	64	50
Nov 2008	45	66	42
Dec 2008	46	50	31
Total 2008	538	612	517
Jan 2009	33	64	42
Feb 2009	25	40	34
Mar 2009	58	52	48
Apr 2009	60	79	62
May 2009	41	47	50
Jun 2009	24	49	43
Jul 2009	22	20	28
Aug 2009	21	28	21
Sep 2009	34	44	40
Oct 2009	26	51	44
Nov 2009	33	57	44
Dec 2009	21	41	25
Total 2009	398	572	481
Jan 2010	32	50	34
Feb 2010	14	42	37
Mar 2010	31	82	65
Apr 2010	35	70	41
May 2010	20	92	46
Jun 2010	18	81	40
Jul 2010	56	48	31
Aug 2010	18	54	27
Sep 2010	15	66	52
Oct 2010	27	93	64
Nov 2010	28	106	60
Dec 2010	23	77	42
Total 2010	317	861	539
Jan 2011	23	63	56
Feb 2011	27	97	56
Mar 2011	50	82	63
Apr 2011	75	86	55
May 2011	69	75	83
Jun 2011	44	68	50
Jul 2011	26	41	25
Aug 2011	37	45	46
Sep 2011	35	51	62
Oct 2011	52	100	72
Nov 2011	68	90	91
Dec 2011	57	74	67
Total 2011	563	872	726
Jan 2012	54	124	67
Feb 2012	37	55	56
Mar 2012	176	52	73
Apr 2012	111	77	88
May 2012	67	68	44
Jun 2012	53	57	59
Jul 2012	35	37	59
Aug 2012	23	29	55
Sep 2012	23	28	51
Oct 2012	117	141	197
Nov 2012	91	64	109
Dec 2012	80	23	57
Total 2012	867	755	915
Jan 2013	65	53	69
Feb 2013	58	33	66
Mar 2013	114	60	125
Apr 2013	91	69	117
May 2013	57	43	81
Jun 2013	41	32	64
Jul 2013	47	20	46
Aug 2013	26	29	36
Sep 2013	62	18	49
Oct 2013	77	62	113
Nov 2013	98	66	129
Dec 2013	116	46	69
Total 2013	852	531	964
Jan 2014	69	54	74
Feb 2014	59	34	68
Mar 2014	76	47	101
Apr 2014	83	59	70
May 2014	69	60	71
Jun 2014	40	37	69
Jul 2014	50	35	52
Aug 2014	44	22	48
Sep 2014	134	163	247
Oct 2014	181	114	217
Nov 2014	100	81	85
Dec 2014	113	96	105
Total 2014	1018	802	1207
Jan 2015	99	78	78
Feb 2015	43	72	73
Mar 2015	75	61	90
Apr 2015	63	55	87
May 2015	56	81	108
Jun 2015	139	129	84
Jul 2015	54	57	77
Aug 2015	48	44	53
Sep 2015	61	53	92
Oct 2015	141	102	133
Nov 2015	49	49	102
Dec 2015	54	30	57
Total 2015	882	811	1034
Jan 2016	90	44	68
Feb 2016	52	70	63
Mar 2016	62	50	66
Apr 2016	34	93	63
May 2016	43	77	80
Jun 2016	23	58	88
Jul 2016	11	42	41
Aug 2016	44	41	24
Sep 2016	26	26	47
Oct 2016	32	43	40
Nov 2016	8	91	47
Dec 2016	6	75	24
Total 2016	431	710	651
Jan 2017	7	225	31
Feb 2017	23	163	33
Mar 2017	35	190	61
Apr 2017	22	64	46
May 2017	32	95	29
Jun 2017	14	33	23
Jul 2017	8	43	35
Aug 2017	19	45	43
Sep 2017	17	84	50
Oct 2017	39	106	55
Nov 2017	30	113	41
Dec 2017	38	87	62
Total 2017	284	1248	509
Jan 2018	21	105	63
Feb 2018	22	77	88
Mar 2018	23	84	50
Apr 2018	25	118	62
May 2018	26	97	55
Jun 2018	28	79	69
Jul 2018	19	42	40
Aug 2018	19	66	44
Sep 2018	18	74	28
Oct 2018	17	79	38
Nov 2018	26	85	75
Dec 2018	27	88	51
Total 2018	271	994	663
Jan 2019	30	80	46
Feb 2019	21	58	33
Mar 2019	40	115	56
Apr 2019	44	124	57
May 2019	27	91	50
Jun 2019	18	60	41
Jul 2019	15	59	37
Aug 2019	21	82	35
Sep 2019	24	158	27
Oct 2019	45	336	49
Nov 2019	38	133	58
Dec 2019	20	75	29
Total 2019	343	1371	518
Jan 2020	11	60	29
Feb 2020	29	53	33
Mar 2020	19	83	49
Apr 2020	29	96	57
May 2020	41	74	54
Jun 2020	16	111	23
Jul 2020	6	59	25
Aug 2020	14	60	32
Sep 2020	21	137	24
Oct 2020	20	58	21
Nov 2020	24	136	50
Dec 2020	29	119	44
Total 2020	259	1046	441
Jan 2021	13	29	26
Total 2021	13	29	26
Total	9075	14736	12215