Learning of Visuomotor Transformations for Vectorial Planning of Reaching Trajectories

John W. Krakauer; Zachary M. Pine; Maria-Felice Ghilardi; Claude Ghez

doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08916.2000

Article Information

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08916.2000

PubMed

11102502

Published By

Society for Neuroscience

History

Received June 28, 2000
Revision received September 7, 2000
Accepted September 18, 2000
First published December 1, 2000.

Version of record published December 1, 2000.

Author Information

John W. Krakauer1,
Zachary M. Pine2,
Maria-Felice Ghilardi3,4, and
Claude Ghez3

¹Departments of Neurology and
³Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032,
²Center on Aging, University of California, San Francisco, and Geriatrics Division, San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California and
⁴INB-CNR, Milan, Italy

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Author contributions

Disclosures

Received June 28, 2000.
Revision received September 7, 2000.
Accepted September 18, 2000.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NS 22713, NS 02138, and NS 01961. We thank Jaiek Oh and Hao Huang for computer programming. We thank Cathleen Song, Thomas Frontera, and Milana Veytsman for technical assistance with the experiments and the data analysis. We thank Ning Qian, James Gordon, Michael Kim, and David Krakauer for helpful comments on this manuscript.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Claude Ghez, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032. E-mail: cpg1{at}columbia.edu.

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Dec 2000	283	186	227
Total 2000	283	186	227
Jan 2001	26	50	47
Feb 2001	12	21	12
Mar 2001	8	16	5
Apr 2001	10	19	21
May 2001	14	29	15
Jun 2001	2	12	9
Jul 2001	1	18	7
Aug 2001	4	21	9
Sep 2001	8	10	7
Oct 2001	3	10	6
Nov 2001	6	18	13
Dec 2001	2	8	2
Total 2001	96	232	153
Jan 2002	5	18	17
Feb 2002	2	20	14
Mar 2002	1	9	5
Apr 2002	4	17	14
May 2002	2	18	12
Jun 2002	0	8	12
Jul 2002	2	7	13
Aug 2002	1	8	7
Sep 2002	1	7	9
Oct 2002	5	16	20
Nov 2002	1	13	12
Dec 2002	1	10	10
Total 2002	25	151	145
Jan 2003	5	19	15
Feb 2003	2	13	15
Mar 2003	3	16	15
Apr 2003	1	3	4
May 2003	4	23	15
Jun 2003	3	19	10
Jul 2003	7	19	19
Aug 2003	11	18	16
Sep 2003	10	15	11
Oct 2003	17	28	15
Nov 2003	22	32	19
Dec 2003	12	25	18
Total 2003	97	230	172
Jan 2004	16	29	18
Feb 2004	11	16	21
Mar 2004	20	29	31
Apr 2004	18	26	21
May 2004	14	46	20
Jun 2004	8	40	23
Jul 2004	17	10	13
Aug 2004	16	26	14
Sep 2004	10	17	7
Oct 2004	19	34	18
Nov 2004	8	31	11
Dec 2004	14	32	17
Total 2004	171	336	214
Jan 2005	23	29	29
Feb 2005	10	28	17
Mar 2005	11	45	25
Apr 2005	10	22	18
May 2005	12	27	29
Jun 2005	10	34	20
Jul 2005	2	23	23
Aug 2005	8	14	13
Sep 2005	9	32	19
Oct 2005	10	28	19
Nov 2005	11	33	26
Dec 2005	14	23	19
Total 2005	130	338	257
Jan 2006	14	46	25
Feb 2006	9	37	29
Mar 2006	3	22	15
Apr 2006	12	26	26
May 2006	6	21	20
Jun 2006	7	19	20
Jul 2006	10	11	14
Aug 2006	5	13	8
Sep 2006	5	12	11
Oct 2006	15	39	43
Nov 2006	19	38	30
Dec 2006	11	13	15
Total 2006	116	297	256
Jan 2007	5	20	16
Feb 2007	9	18	26
Mar 2007	9	20	23
Apr 2007	12	24	23
May 2007	10	24	19
Jun 2007	17	21	23
Jul 2007	4	13	13
Aug 2007	5	10	9
Sep 2007	16	12	24
Oct 2007	11	21	20
Nov 2007	13	18	17
Dec 2007	16	18	20
Total 2007	127	219	233
Jan 2008	10	14	11
Feb 2008	20	15	20
Mar 2008	19	21	33
Apr 2008	14	25	24
May 2008	15	22	26
Jun 2008	14	12	19
Jul 2008	20	23	34
Aug 2008	17	23	17
Sep 2008	22	15	14
Oct 2008	20	16	14
Nov 2008	20	17	25
Dec 2008	11	14	17
Total 2008	202	217	254
Jan 2009	18	19	18
Feb 2009	14	8	17
Mar 2009	9	15	31
Apr 2009	11	15	32
May 2009	4	9	17
Jun 2009	4	25	27
Jul 2009	11	17	35
Aug 2009	1	9	19
Sep 2009	3	16	42
Oct 2009	10	19	24
Nov 2009	21	15	29
Dec 2009	17	14	25
Total 2009	123	181	316
Jan 2010	21	16	24
Feb 2010	16	13	25
Mar 2010	20	23	21
Apr 2010	16	23	15
May 2010	12	19	23
Jun 2010	11	14	13
Jul 2010	14	18	20
Aug 2010	10	16	16
Sep 2010	13	11	30
Oct 2010	21	31	35
Nov 2010	37	32	34
Dec 2010	16	20	25
Total 2010	207	236	281
Jan 2011	14	33	34
Feb 2011	14	20	23
Mar 2011	17	29	27
Apr 2011	20	32	27
May 2011	41	23	33
Jun 2011	10	15	14
Jul 2011	22	14	25
Aug 2011	33	20	31
Sep 2011	23	9	32
Oct 2011	30	19	26
Nov 2011	50	24	32
Dec 2011	24	23	32
Total 2011	298	261	336
Jan 2012	28	15	21
Feb 2012	16	15	25
Mar 2012	40	33	33
Apr 2012	34	27	28
May 2012	25	27	26
Jun 2012	15	22	15
Jul 2012	21	30	33
Aug 2012	16	16	15
Sep 2012	18	17	17
Oct 2012	18	17	26
Nov 2012	31	14	19
Dec 2012	31	22	25
Total 2012	293	255	283
Jan 2013	22	20	22
Feb 2013	21	25	26
Mar 2013	23	22	44
Apr 2013	27	18	28
May 2013	15	13	24
Jun 2013	22	26	42
Jul 2013	29	23	33
Aug 2013	20	14	14
Sep 2013	23	25	22
Oct 2013	18	14	23
Nov 2013	31	22	23
Dec 2013	21	14	16
Total 2013	272	236	317
Jan 2014	32	28	37
Feb 2014	18	21	34
Mar 2014	30	30	43
Apr 2014	39	18	28
May 2014	41	23	35
Jun 2014	16	11	13
Jul 2014	24	37	27
Aug 2014	19	25	26
Sep 2014	24	20	24
Oct 2014	30	23	20
Nov 2014	26	38	35
Dec 2014	30	25	29
Total 2014	329	299	351
Jan 2015	23	18	13
Feb 2015	21	30	27
Mar 2015	37	38	40
Apr 2015	46	41	49
May 2015	29	34	16
Jun 2015	21	28	25
Jul 2015	46	31	39
Aug 2015	23	17	19
Sep 2015	18	31	20
Oct 2015	38	28	29
Nov 2015	33	59	27
Dec 2015	43	24	18
Total 2015	378	379	322
Jan 2016	94	24	22
Feb 2016	45	29	22
Mar 2016	58	26	22
Apr 2016	31	21	38
May 2016	83	35	24
Jun 2016	52	25	23
Jul 2016	39	29	13
Aug 2016	32	37	31
Sep 2016	50	41	33
Oct 2016	37	40	30
Nov 2016	13	44	26
Dec 2016	22	50	20
Total 2016	556	401	304
Jan 2017	17	75	17
Feb 2017	12	51	20
Mar 2017	12	66	26
Apr 2017	17	40	22
May 2017	15	121	18
Jun 2017	22	43	21
Jul 2017	13	54	22
Aug 2017	22	45	20
Sep 2017	16	49	27
Oct 2017	13	39	26
Nov 2017	29	38	18
Dec 2017	18	21	15
Total 2017	206	642	252
Jan 2018	13	41	38
Feb 2018	20	45	30
Mar 2018	29	70	44
Apr 2018	33	87	37
May 2018	20	58	30
Jun 2018	24	68	34
Jul 2018	10	25	21
Aug 2018	10	24	22
Sep 2018	12	58	23
Oct 2018	19	66	22
Nov 2018	12	48	15
Dec 2018	17	66	24
Total 2018	219	656	340
Jan 2019	13	46	25
Feb 2019	11	37	27
Mar 2019	12	49	38
Apr 2019	8	47	64
May 2019	15	49	40
Jun 2019	11	22	24
Jul 2019	11	33	36
Aug 2019	8	60	37
Sep 2019	5	76	29
Oct 2019	19	122	44
Nov 2019	11	32	42
Dec 2019	5	26	22
Total 2019	129	599	428
Jan 2020	19	43	31
Feb 2020	8	21	30
Mar 2020	20	35	45
Apr 2020	13	30	41
May 2020	9	34	39
Jun 2020	8	20	26
Jul 2020	12	31	28
Aug 2020	5	20	18
Sep 2020	4	43	18
Oct 2020	15	60	44
Nov 2020	15	66	31
Dec 2020	18	69	32
Total 2020	146	472	383
Jan 2021	19	84	42
Feb 2021	9	73	68
Mar 2021	19	52	43
Apr 2021	27	53	43
May 2021	24	61	36
Jun 2021	18	76	41
Jul 2021	11	40	31
Aug 2021	12	36	19
Sep 2021	4	54	25
Oct 2021	16	34	31
Total 2021	159	563	379
Total	4562	7386	6203